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In chapter 5, we present the analytic spectrum and light curve of these synchrotron radiating electrons, applying a treatment more reansonable and stricter than methods in the literature and convenient for calculating those of synchrocurvature to reveal physical nature of the magnetic field formation and acceleration of particles in shock.

在第五章，我们给出了这些电子能谱的解析同步辐射谱和光变曲线。我们的处理方法比文献中的方法更合理且更严格。它也更方便我们下面利用同步曲率机制去计算余辉的辐射谱和光变曲线，以期揭示激波中磁场形成及粒子加速过程的物理内涵。

Using the established physical model and the analytic method of fluid dynamics, investigates the resistance characteristics of the vibration fiber grid, and develops the formula for calculating the resistance.

根据建立的物理模型和流体动力学的分析方法，对振动纤维栅的阻力特性做出理论上的分析，推导出阻力计算公式。

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

English Description It aim at: developing comprehension of algebra, trigonometry, analytical geometry, derivation and integral, activating capabilities of logic inference and induction, enlightening confidence and independence, strengthening calculating abilities with an emphasis on its application and graph, furnishing a sound basis for future specialty.

Chinese Description 本课程希望在二学年中，能使学生对代数、三角、解析几何、微分及积分有充分的了解、培养逻辑推理、启发思考创造、强化计算演绎并注重应用与作图，以建立同学未来学习工程数学及相关专业课程之数学基础，充分达到学以致用的目的。

Shadow effect can not be neglected for thermal analysis of spacecraft,Accroding to the angle between solar light and antenna orbit plane and its orbit location,analytical geometry method was used for accurately calculating solar radiation heat flux distribution of reflector surfaces.To analyze the temperature field under heat flux,the formulations of net radiation flux density between two gray elements and the net flux density of gray surface under external thermal flux were deduced.Based on the characteristic of space environment,the nonlinear temperature distribution in transverse direction of reflector shell self radiation were considered,the finite element formulations were given for orthogonal material layered shell by Galerkin method.A layered element including a inner heat source layer was proposed,and the finite element formulation expressed by DOF of the inner heat source layer were put forward with temperature and heat flux boundarys between adjacent layer.

单馈反射面赋形天线是未来星载天线发展的一个重要形式，分析了基于物理光学、几何光学和几何绕射理论的理想反射面辐射场；介绍了基于几何光学的反射面天线赋形方法；针对赋形过程中辐射场的快速分析要求，比较分析了基于物理光学的Fourier-Bessel和Jacobi-Bessel级数展开方法以及GB展开分析方法；利用GB展开快速分析方法在20GHz频率下对0.6m口径的天线进行赋形分析，实现中国大陆的30dB增益覆盖，通过数值计算研究了固定增益期望下的口径尺寸随频率的变化，以及频率为20GHz的不同尺寸天线赋形后的覆盖目标区域最大增益的变化情况。

It is a trend of calculating and analytical method of contemporary mechanics.

It是一个计算和分析的趋势当代力学的方法。

Presently, though there are many calculating model of anchor-bolt and many research results concerning these problems,there exist some problems on these methods in simulating the anchor bolt's mechanical behavior.

目前，虽然已有不少的锚杆计算模型及相应的计算方法，但这些方法在对锚杆力学行为的模拟及应用等方面，尚存在着一些问题。

First of all, a vector parallel of linear feature is obtained by calculating the corresponding vertex of parallel for every vertex based on angle bisector and then a greedy search strategy is adopted to find the optimal labeling position.

该方法求取平行线精度高，算法强壮性好，能满足线状要素注记的需要。

This paper presents a simple physical model of change of mass density for calculating the diffraction intensity of multilayer, which is proved by the experiments of the small angle X-ray diffraction.

提出了这种膜系内密度变化的简单物理模型，通过理论衍射强度计算和小角X衍射实验证明这种模型是合理的。

This paper expounds the calculating method for angle of artillery twist, measurement system structure, hardware configuration and software design.

本文阐述了测量火炮缠角的计算方法，系统硬件配置及软件设计，最后对该方法的技术特点进行了总结。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。