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The displacement loading finite element method is used to simulate tunneling, and the analogue method and computation formula are also brought forward. Moreover, a reciprocal calculating program, DLFEA-TGM, is developed. The tunneling-induced ground movement and characteristic of stress variation are analyzed.

利用位移加载方法模拟隧道开挖，提出了模拟方法和计算公式，开发了相应的计算程序DLFEA—TGM，分析了隧道施工引起的地层位移及应力变化特点。

Based on the finite element method and the false structure method, this paper analyses and deduces the calculating method for the critical pressure of axil pressure members with lateral elastic supports.

本文利用有限元法、共轭法对具有侧向水平弹性约束的轴心受压构件临界力的计算方法进行了分析和推导，所建立的理论计算方法概念明确、计算简便。

Checking and the setting of camber are to be discussed. Firstly, the categories of scaffolds and applying condition of all kinds of scaffolds are simply introduced. Then structure design for beam -column scaffold over sea, beam-column scaffold on land, beam scaffold over sea, ramp bridge scaffold and column scaffold on land are presented. And corresponding formulas and the finite element analysis software of Midas/Civil are used to check strength, stiffness and stability on these scaffolds in detail. Then calculating methods on construction camber of cast-in-place beam scaffold and setting methods are introduced.

本文简要介绍了现浇梁支架的分类、各种支架的使用条件，然后简述了海上梁柱式支架、陆上梁柱式支架、海上梁式支架、匝道桥梁式支架以及陆上立柱式支架的结构设计；并应用相关公式和大型有限元计算软件MIDAS/Civil对各种类型的支架结构详细进行了强度、刚度和稳定性验算；接着介绍了现浇梁支架的施工预拱度计算方法及设置方法。

In the part of finite element analysis the methods of reinforcement in the test are simulated, and there is certain error between the results of simulation and that of test. Although there is calculating error, the results of finite element analysis can study stress nature of wall qualitatively.

论文中有限元分析部分首先对试验中几种加固情况进行了模拟分析，尽管有限元分析结果与试验结果存在一定的计算误差，但是仍然可以通过有限元分析结果定性分析加固前后墙片的受力性能。

A Material nonlinear finite element analysis for the cast-in-place reinforced concrete hollow slab that occurs from initial loading, cracking, yielding to failing is carried on. The cracking load, ultimate load, the displacement rules and the principal stress distribution rules of the hollow slab under the vertical loads are obtained. A Material nonlinear finite element analysis for the single span hollow flat-plate floor is also carried on. The function of the concealed wide-flat beams is definite by analyzing the principal stress distribution diagram. The calculating results verify the theoretical analysis and give some important conclusions which are great useful to improve the constructing of the new flat-plate floor.

其次对空心板进行了从加荷、开裂、屈服直至破坏的全过程材料非线性有限元计算，得到了空心板在竖向荷载作用下的开裂荷载、极限荷载及位移和应力分布规律；还对单跨无梁楼盖进行了材料非线性有限元计算，通过分析主应力场明确了柱上暗扁梁的作用；有限元计算的结果验证了以上的理论分析并得到了一些重要的结论，对改进现浇空心板无梁楼盖的构造措施有重要的参考价值。

The results of numerical analysis show that the elastic modular and the poisson ratio have no effect on two-dimensional bearing capacity, but can affect the ultimate bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundations and control the convergence and precision of finite element calculation; the earth pressure coefficient controls the geostatic stress of foundation, sequentially affects the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations and the convergence of numerical calculation. When calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of undrained saturated foundation, the complete formulation exists shear locking, and reduce formulation exists hourglassing, so the hybrid formulation is suitable to imitate the geomaterial. When the soil obeys nonrelevent flow rule, the yielding function is different from potential function, and the elastic-plastic matrix of soil is asymmetric, so the unsymmetry numerical solver and appropriate finite element mesh is required.

研究结果表明，土体弹性模量和泊松比对二维基础极限承载力没有影响，但是影响着三维矩形基础的极限承载力，控制着ABAQUS数值算法的计算精度与收敛速度；地基土压力系数控制着地基土体中的地应力平衡，从而影响着二维条形基础和三维矩形基础的极限承载力和地基破坏包络面；对于不排水饱和软黏土地基，常规的完全积分单元会造成剪力自锁现象，而减缩积分单元则存在过于柔化的现象，故采用杂交单元来模拟较合适；当土体服从非关联流动法则时，屈服函数与塑性势函数之间存在差异，从而导致土体弹塑性矩阵呈现非对称性，在有限元计算中必须采用非对称数值解法，并且合理地划分单元才能对极限承载力进行准确求解。

Using three dimensional inharmonic element and the modified subspace iteration scheme for calculating dynamic characteristic of the shear wall, and using plane stress element and Newmark and Newton-Raphson method for calculation of seismic behaviors of shear wall under earthquake loads.

采用三维非协调实体元及改进子空间迭代方法计算剪力墙的特征对；采用平面应力单元并利用Newmark法与Newton-Raphson法相结合的方法计算剪力墙在地震荷载下的地震反应，并用FORTRAN77（F90）语言编制了相应的计算程序和前后处理程序，经计算验证程序是有效的。

This member model consists of isolating macroscopic member element into three subelements, namely spread plastic beam subelement, joint slip subelement and shear subelement, and thus the stiffness matrix of the frame member element can be easily constructed by calculating the fl...

该单元模型能够考虑非线性变形随复杂加载历史在端部关键受力区域的逐步扩展和反弯点位置的移动，整个推导过程力学概念明确，所获得的柔度矩阵为对称矩阵，便于数值计算。

According to the standard and request of mechanical structures for electronic equipment tests, the finite element model of the electronic equipment cabinet was built by using the software of finite element analysis-ANSYS and simulated the tests of random vibrations by loading and calculating. The 3-D isopleths graph of deformation and stress of the cabinet was obtained. It could confirm the maximum of deformation and stress of the cabinet and probability of occurrence. Through more analysis of the frequency response curve reflected directly and clearly the deformation of the cabinet within the particular seismic frequency.

根据电子设备机械结构随机振动试验的标准和要求，采用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立电子设备机柜结构的有限元模型，通过加载求解对其进行随机振动试验的数值模拟，得到机柜有限元模型的三维变形和应力等值线图，进而确定机柜承受应力和变形的最大值及发生概率；通过对频率响应曲线的进一步分析，可以直观明了地反映出机柜承受一定频率范围地震下的变形情况。

The main research tasks and results are as follows:(1) Through comparing the stress intensity factor of compact tension specimen calculated by finite element software with the theoretical value, the feasibility of calculating fracture parameters of crack tip in ABAQUS software was verified.(2) The relationship between the elastic modulus of the material and research scale was studied based on deriving the cohesive stress theory and other relevant theories. And the elastic modulus of the material on meso-scale was determined.(3) Global model and sub-model of the finite element were built in th...e macro-scale, and stress-strain field nearby the crack tip was analyzed, and the results show that the detailed stress-strain in the crack tip could be obtained by using the sub-model technique.(4) In meso-scale, the crack growth model was also established by assuming the crack propagating along the grain boundary, and the detailed stress-strain field in the crack tip was obtained.(5) The effect of crack length on Von Mises stress, and maximum principal stress and strain was analyzed in meso-scale when equivalent KI equals 30MPa.m1/2. And the results show that except for crack tip area, the stress-strain distribution in whole specimen is not affected.

主要完成研究内容和取得成果如下：(1)利用有限元软件计算出紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI值，其结果与理论值一致，从而验证了利用ABAQUS计算裂纹尖端相关断裂参量的可行性；(2)在研究内聚应力等相关理论的基础上，推导出了研究尺度与材料弹性模量的近似关系，并确定了介观尺度上的弹性模量；(3)在宏观尺度上建立了全局有限元计算模型和子模型，得到了裂纹尖端应力应变场分布，结果表明利用子模型技术获得比较准确的裂纹尖端应力应变场分布是可行的；(4)在介观尺度上利用平均晶粒尺度的方式建立了裂纹沿晶扩展模型，得到了裂纹尖端断裂过程区的微观应力应变场；(5)当应力强度因子为30MPa.m1/2时，分析了介观尺度上在裂纹沿晶扩展过程中裂纹长度对Mises应力、最大主应力和应变的影响，结果表明，裂纹扩展长度对试样整体应力应变分布影响不大，而对裂纹尖端区域有较大影响；(6)介。。。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。