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Combining the experimental results and theoretical analysis, the following work has been accomplished.(1) Reasons of the decrease of interelectrode capacitance and the increase of discharge gap caused by the powder suspended in dielectric fluid are explained. And the mechanism that surface quality of workpiece improved by powder-mixed EDM is analyzed from this viewpoint.(2) The variation regularity of the percentage of silicon on the machined surface of workpiece has been summarized according to the experiment results when silicon powder was added into the working fluid. The entropy is introduced to explain the reasons for this variation regularity by thermodynamics.(3) The dimensional accuracy is greatly influenced by the overcut resulting from discharge gap and electrode wear in practice application. Empirical formulas for the overcut in EDM and powder-mixed EDM are established based on the experimental results using the ternary linear regressive method in this paper.(4) The influence of main factors on the machined surface characteristics has been evaluated based on the orthogonal experimental design method.

通过一系列普通电火花加工与混粉电火花加工的对比实验，运用工艺实验和理论分析相结合的方法，重点做了以下工作：(1)探讨了粉末颗粒导致极间电容减小、放电间隙增大的原因，并从这个角度解释了混粉电火花加工可以改善工件表面质量的机理；(2)以混合硅粉的电火花加工为例，实验得出峰值电流和脉冲宽度对加工表面层成分中硅元素含量的影响规律，并引入熵的概念从热力学的角度对硅元素含量变化的原因寻找了理论依据；(3)在实际加工中，由于粉末的加入使放电间隙变大，这使得混粉电火花加工的尺寸精度难以控制，本文利用三元线性回归的方法，在实验数据的基础上，建立了两种电火花加工过切量的计算公式；(4)将正交试验法应用于混粉电火花加工实验研究，并通过对实验指标极差的直观分析，得出各电参数对加工指标影响的敏感程度。

In the indoor ideal conditions, the relevant comparative tests of different grid interlayer of asphalt mixture and overlay structure have been done by using interlay shearing device, drawing machine, Marshall multi-functional strength device and rutting machine, and then the test results have been evaluated by a rational approach. Meanwhile, the simulated test of the overlay fatigue life has been done by using ordinary rutting machine, and the different overlay thickness of different grade interlayer and different sawing depth of overlay structure have been studied by the fatigue test.

5在室内理想条件下，采用层间剪切仪、层间拉拔仪、马歇尔多功能强度试验机及车辙轮碾仪进行了不同层位格栅的沥青混合料及与加铺层结构相关的对比试验，并采用合理的方法对试验结果进行了评价；同时，采用普通车辙仪进行加铺层结构疲劳模拟对比试验，系统地对不同加铺层厚度的不同格栅设置层位及不同旧路锯缝深度的加铺层结构进行了研究。

Results The PET/CT imaging was performed for 62 patients including 7 cases with central bronchial carcinoma, and 55 cases with peripheral lung cancer. 59 cases with confirmed diagnosis, the diagnostic accuracy rate was 95.16%. Some abnormal enrichment can be seen by 18F-FDG PET/CT. The largest SUV is 1.0～22.3. Radioactivity intussuscept can be seen by 11C-MET and PET-CT, and SUV is 0.5～4.9. Vessel bunch is available by CT enhancement scan that can clear the borderline of lession. Sublobe,spicule sign,depressed pleura,and bronchia obstruction can be seen by HRCT.

结果 62例肺癌患者中，中央型肺癌7例，周围型肺癌55例，明确诊断59例，诊断率95.16%。18F-FDG PET/CT检查见病灶有不同程度放射性异常浓聚，最大SUV1.0～22.3； 11C-MET PET/CT检查的病灶均见不同程度放射性摄取，SUV0.5～4.9；CT增强扫描病灶边界清晰，明显强化，可见血管"集束征"， HRCT检查见病灶有分叶、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征及支气管阻断。

Chapter 5 deals with the solvable theorem of adaptive inverse optimal control problems for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems driven by Wiener noises of unknown covariance. The systems are depicted by It〓 stochastic differential equations. By using an adaptive backstepping algorithm and stochastic control Lyapunov functions, the designing procedure of control laws of global asymptotic stability in probability and adaptive inverse optimal stabilization in probability are presented systematically. Adaptive control laws and parameter update laws can be obtained at the same time by this design scheme.

在第5章中，针对具有方差不确定Wiener噪声扰动和未知定常参数的随机非线性系统（假设方差的F—范数是一个常数或一个缓慢变化的量，对其进行在线辨识），给出并证明了自适应逆最优控制问题可解定理，基于随机Lyapunov定理和It〓微分规则，采用自适应Backstepping设计方法，系统地设计了全局依概率渐近稳定和自适应逆最优控制策略，这种设计方法可同时获得控制策略和自适应律，计算机数值仿真结果表明该控制算法是有效性的。

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从"五四"到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族"血性"的传承方面。

Can we believe,with these impressions on his mind,that if,after a year,eighteen months,or two years of peace had elapsed,he should be tempted by the appearance of fresh insurrection in Ireland,encouraged by renewed and unrestrained communication with France,and fomented by the fresh infusion of Jacobin principles;if we were at such a moment without a fleet to watch the ports of France,or to guard the coasts of Ireland,with- out a disposable army,or an embodied militia capable of supplying a speedy and adequate reinforcement,and that he had suddenly the means of transporting thither a body of twenty or thirty thousand French troops;can we believe that,at such a moment,his ambition and vindictive spirit would be restrained by the recollection of engagements or the obligation of treaty?

难道我们能够相信，和平了一年、一年半或两年之后，如果心头压着这些想法的他受到爱尔兰新出现的暴乱的诱惑，受到重新开通的与法国不受拘束的通讯的鼓舞，受到新注入的雅各宾党人原则的挑唆；倘若我们此时没有一支海军去监视法国港口或保卫爱尔兰海岸，没有一支可随时调动的军队或一支已建成的国民军提供迅速、足够的增援，而他却突然获得向各处运送2万至3万法国士兵的手段；难道我们能够相信，此时此刻，他的野心和复仇心态会因想到自己所作的那些保证或他所承担的条约义务而受到约束吗？

For the purpose of avoiding vexatious litigation, the parties are sometimes deterred by pecuniary penalties, and sometimes by an oath which is imposed by the Pr?tor. In certain cases an action for double damages is brought against a defendant; for instance, in the collection of a judgment debt, or for money expended for a principal, or for unlawful damage to property, or where proceedings are instituted to collect legacies left by condemnation. In some instances, the deposit of a forfeit is permitted to be made, for example, in an action

对于持否认态度地人，在某些情况下规定了双倍诉讼，比如，当因已决案、已清偿物、非法损害或者间接遗赠等问题而被诉时，在某些情况下，允许作出承诺，比如：当因借贷确定数额的钱款或者关于钱款的债务协议而被诉时；然而，在借贷确定数额的钱款的情况下，罚金未三分之一，在关于钱款的债务协议的情况，为二分之一。

Meanwhile, the choice has been made by comparing two kinds of jury systems, and then, the author put forth a kind of way to rebuild our trial system, that is, to establish a diversified trial system, which includes trials by juryman, trials by the jury and trials by the judge, and the possibility of this kind of system has been proved.

一方面，一再完善参审形式的改革好像没有改变人民陪审制缺乏实效的状况，另一方面，引进陪审团审判我国的国情民意是否接受需要尚需艰难论证，其巨大成本也使多数人望而生畏。

Side by side, unaided except by their kith and kin in the great Dominions and by the wide empires which rest beneath their shield - side by side, the British and French peoples have advanced to rescue not only Europe but mankind from the foulest and most soul-destroying tyranny which has ever darkened and stained the pages of history.

并肩地，独立除之外他们的巨大统治中的亲朋至友和宽阔的帝国在他们的防护物下面的休息--并肩地，英国人和法国的人民已推进不仅救援欧洲而且从的人类最肮脏和大多数灵魂破坏的暴政曾经变暗并且沾污历史的页。

For the enzyme extraction, with the ratio of enzyme/giant knotweed 1:500 at 50℃ for 90 min, the yield of resveratrol is two times more than that extracted by ethanol. For the microwave extraction with the ethanol content of 80%, the liquid ratio of 1:20, extracting by microwave for 60s at 510W, the yield of resveratrol is three times more than extracted by ethanol with enzymation 30 min by microwave for 10 s at 510 W.

酶法辅助提取白藜芦醇的适宜提取条件为：酶解温度为50℃、pH值为5.0、纤维素酶与虎杖粗粉质量配比为1：500、酶解时间为90 min，比传统乙醇提取法提取收率提高2倍；微波辅助醇提白藜芦醇的适宜提取条件为：以体积分数为80%的乙醇溶液为提取剂，料液质量比为1：20，在510 W功率下微波1.0 min，比传统乙醇提取法提取收率提高近3倍；利用酶微波结合提取白藜芦醇，酶解30 min， 510 W功率下微波10 s，提取收率提高3倍，缩短了提取时间，降低了生产成本。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。