查询词典 by-law

During the establishing and developing stages of new Chinese criminal law, the research on criminal law phil osophy made some progress on the detailed issues and methodology of criminal law science, which built the base for the development of new Chinese criminal law a nd criminal law philosophy.

在发轫、初创期完成刑事律学向近现代刑法学转变的同时，奠基于一定刑法学研究成果之上，以思辨之方式探寻刑法之本原的刑法哲学研究也开始萌生；在转型时期的中国刑法学发展中，刑法学理论和实践也发生了彻底的转型，以马克思主义哲学为指导的中国刑法哲学获得了新的启示，取得了一定的成果。

The establishment of the government by law matching the harmonious requestion is history mission,the rule of law government manages the society by law,supporting the social order,controling the clash within the scope of order,is foundation of a harmonize social;Rule of law government by law norm own power stipulation behavior,the all levels govern...

建设法治政府是时代赋予的历史使命，法治政府依法管理社会，维护社会秩序，把冲突控制在秩序范围内，是构建和谐社会的基础；法治政府依法规范自己的权力，各级政府都要对自己作为或不作为的行为负责，打造负责任的法治政府是构建和谐社会的关键；完善立法，调适政府与公民的关系，解决人民内部矛盾纠纷是法治政府的职责，也是构建和谐社会的保障。

The thesis holds that"the harmony value of tax law lies in its promoting social harmony, including the satisfaction of the demand for harmony, and the society exceeds directing on harmonious significance to the law absolutness". The tax law harmonious value basic content is realizes the tax law andthe economy, the society, the natural harmonious development.The harmony value of tax law is characteristic of ideality, balansability and systematicality.

笔者提出了税法的和谐价值是税法对于社会所具有的促进和谐的意义，这包括税法对于社会的和谐的需要的满足以及社会在和谐意义上对于税法的绝对超越指向；税法的和谐价值具有理想性、平衡性、系统性的特征；税法的和谐价值的基本内容是实现税法与经济、社会、自然的和谐发展；税法的和谐价值是税法的最高价值，对税法的其他价值具有包容和指导意义的主张。

At present,our state confront with two great task in the area of the law construction:firstly,the domestic law system should connect with WTO,hormonally and untidily;secondly,the law must keep steps with the development of our country,deserving the present socialism moral and cause the two aspects to be in hormone,and make our socialism law possess with more spacious moral basis and the inner of the human nature.In that case,our socialism law can does represent the most advanced direction of our country's l...

当今我国的法制建设已经面临着两大任务：一是国内法律体系与 WTO 的衔接、协调与统一，使国内法接受WTO 的检测并与国际接轨；二要与国内接轨，要求现行的法律接受新时期社会主义道德的检测，使得我国的法律与社会主义道德相协调，并使我国的社会主义法律具有更加广阔的道德基础与人性内涵，从而使我国社会主义法律真正代表我国法律文化的最先进的方向。

In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law" are often used synonymously, with the term "common law" in this usage connoting judge-made law in general as contrasted with statutory law.

&普通法&与&判例法&概念通常被混淆，被错认为同义词。普通法是指&法官造法&，与&制定法&概念相对。

But as, under civilized governments which are calculated for the peace of mankind, such a constitution would be productive of endless disturbances, the universal law of almost every nation (which is a kind of secondary law of nature) has either given the dying person a power of continuing his property, by disposing of his possessions by will; or, in case he neglects to dispose of it, or is not permitted to make any disposition at all, the municipal law of the country then steps in, and declares who shall be the successor, representative, or heir of the deceased; that is, who alone shall have a right to enter upon this vacant possession, in order to avoid that confusion, which its becoming again common would occasion.10 And farther, in case no testament be permitted by the law, or none be made, and no heir can be found so qualified as the law requires, still, to prevent the robust title of occupancy from again taking place, the doctrine of escheats is adopted in almost every country; whereby the sovereign of the state, and those who claim under his authority, are the ultimate heirs, and succeed to those inheritances, to which no other title can be formed.

但是因为，在最多只能为了人类和平的文明政府之下，这样的制度将会产生无穷无尽的混乱，所以几乎每个国家的普遍法律要么给与将死的人一种权力来继续他的财产权，依他的意志来处置他的财产；要么，他忽略了对它们的处置，或者不允许对它们进行任何处置，那么，国家的自治法律便进入，并宣布谁应当成为死者的后继者，代理人或继承人；即，唯有谁能够拥有权利进入这个所有者空缺的财产位置，以避免这些财产再一次进入共有状态将引起的混乱。进一步而言，在法律禁止订立遗嘱，或没有订立遗嘱，且不能找到符合法律所要求资格的继承者的情况下，为了阻止再次产生占有资格的问题，在几乎所有的国家都采用了&所有权重归领主&（escheat：最初来源于为避免土地处于废弃和无主的状态，土地的所有权重归上一级的封地领主）的原则；据此，国家的君主或声称为他的下级的人，便成为继承人的最后的选择，并实际继承那些遗产，对此没有别的资格。

The United States as the common law country accepts the natural law theory, however ,on the judgment of the natural law method, the natural law overtops the statue law.

美国作为普通法国家接受自然法学说，而按照自然法高于人定法的判断，依据宪法审查人定法不过是对自然法与人定法关系原理的扩大使用。

If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Parties shall promptly consult and decide whether to continue to implement this Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract of Law of the People's Republic of China ; or to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party's economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favourable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.

如果本协议签署之后，中国国家、省、市或地方政府通过任何新的法律、法规、法令或条例，修改或废除任何法律、法规、法令或条例的任何条款，或对任何法律、法规、法令或条例给予不同的解释或采取不同的实施办法，导致与本协议相冲突，或对一方在本协议项下的经济利益造成实质性的不利影响，受到影响的一方经书面通知另一方后，双方应立即协商并决定是否根据《中华人民共和国合同法》的有关规定继续按照本协议的原条款执行本协议，或做出必要的调整，以保持各方在本协议项下的经济利益，使之不逊于各方在该等法律、法规、法令或条例未通过、未修改、未废除、未做出不同的解释或未采取不同的实施方法之前所能获得的经济利益。

If, after the date of the execution of this Agreement, the PRC local or national government or any other local or national public body or authority in the PRC that has the power to make decisions or rules binding upon the JV Company adopts any new PRC Law, amends or repeals any provision of any existing PRC Law, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any PRC Law ("Change of Law"), and such Change of Law will, upon application by the JV Company and the Party concerned, and upon approval by the relevant government authorities, result in treatment of the JV Company or of any Party substantially more favorable than afforded by the terms of this Agreement (without resulting in less favorable treatment of the other Party), then the JV Company and the Party concerned shall promptly apply to receive the benefits of such more favorable treatment and the other Party shall use all reasonable efforts to facilitate such application.

如本合同开始履行之后，任何有决策权的中国当地或国家政府部门或任何其它中国当地或国家公共机构或单位实行新的法律，修订或废止任何现有中国法律的任何条文，或对任何中国法律的执行方法做出新的解释，并且本合资公司和相关一方采用该法律变更并经有关政府部门批准之时，使得本合资公司及其相关各方的待遇与本合同的条款相比大大的受惠(不对另一方的利益构成损害)，则合资公司和相关一方应即刻采用以便更多地受惠，另一方也应积极配合予以协助。

If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Parties shall promptly consult and decide whether to continue to implement this Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China; or to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party's economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented.

如果， 在签署这个协议以后，中国政府或者在状态，省，市政或地方水平采取任一新法律，章程，旨令或规则，赔偿或撤销任一法律任一个供应，章程，旨令或规则，或采取任一法律的实施任一个另外解释或方法，章程，旨令或规则，哪些违反这个协议或物质哪些和有害地影响一个Party。。s 经济好处根据这个协议，然后在书面通知因此从受影响的党对另一党，党将咨询和及时地决定是否继续实施这个协议与原物符合provisions 因此正如每People。。s 中华民国的合同法律的相关的供应；或完成必要的调整为了保存各个Party。。s 经济好处根据这个协议根据依据没有较不有利比它会接受如果这样的法律的经济好处，章程，旨令或规则未被采取，修正，撤销或如此解释或实施。

A carrier gas such as nitrogen is directed through line 20 and valve 22 to connect with line 26 and mix with the gas sample.

如氮气之类的载体通过管线20和阀22引入，与管线26相通，与气体样品混合。

But for the most part, knaves and parasites had the command of his fortune

然而支配他的家产的大多是恶棍和寄生虫。