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The laser beam emitted by the laser is expanded to the cutting width required by the tipping paper via the laser beam expanding system, the expanded laser beam passes through the cylindrical surface focusing mirror and 4 focuses on the focal plane form a focal line and the tipping paper is cut off by the focal line on the focal plane.

由激光器发出的激光束经激光扩束系统将激光束扩大至水松纸所需的切割宽度，经扩束后的激光束通过柱面聚焦镜，在焦平面4聚焦形成一条聚焦线，水松纸在焦平面上被此条激光聚焦线割断。

Inner point and exterior point of a quadric and its plane of the type of contact plane;2. The article gives a way by which a quadratic curve is processed by a linkage,and then a quadric can be formed by revolving the quadratic curve as a generatrix around the axis.

提出一种利用能够生成二次曲线的连杆机构作辅助装置，将生成的二次曲线作为母线绕轴线旋转而形成旋转二次曲面的方法，从理论上进行了推导，并通过实例说明了该方法的应用。

For the plane wave of laser without pulse shape, we derive the express of electron trajectory by the relative Lorentz and energy equations. Note that the orbit of electron becomes a "fat-8" in the average rest frame. For the plane wave of Gaussian laser, we may know that, through relative Hamilton-Jacobi equation, electrons are accelerated in the front of pulse and decelerated backward. Whereas for the non-plane wave of Gaussian laser, we solve the Lorentz and energy equations by fourth order Runge-Kutta method.

对于无脉冲形状的激光平面波是从考虑了相对论效应的Lorentz方程和能量方程出发，得到了电子的运动轨迹方程表达式，在纵向平均速度参照系下该电子的轨迹呈现"8"字形；对于高斯型单色激光平面波是从相对论Hamilton-Jacobi方程出发，得到激光平面波在脉冲前沿加速电子而脉冲后沿减速电子，电子能量增益为零；而对于高斯型单色激光非平面波是从拉格朗日运动方程和能量方程出发，通过四阶Runge-Kutta法数值求解，得到电子在纵向有质动力、横向电场作用下加速电子，最后在强大的横向有质动力作用下从脉冲侧面散射出去，可以获得很大能量增益本文得到了相应的电子瞬时动量解析表达式。

Two-dimensional seepage flow of free-surface over cutoff wall has been solved by conformal transformation method in this paper. By introducing the hodograph plane and utilizing Schwarz-Christoffel transform, the mapping relational formula between the physical plane Z and complex potential plane has been deduced.

对于越过截渗墙的剖面二维含自由面的渗流，应用保角变换方法求解，通过引入速度矢端平面和应用Schwarz－Christoffel变换，推导出了物理平面Z和复势平面的映射关系式。

In order to control the flow separation by reducing the diffusion factor and enlarging the diameter of inner circle, the meridian plane profile of the return channel was redesigned, which is achieved by substituting arbitrary curve for the circle with no change of the axial length of the stage. Bezier curve with eight parameters was chose to describe the shape of meridian plane profile, and the optimization of the meridian plane profile was implemented combining back-propagation neural network with genetic algorithm.

改进的主要思路是减小弯道前半部分通道的扩压度，并同时加大弯道出口内侧的转弯半径，主要做法是在不增加整级轴向尺寸的前提下，用任意曲线取代传统弯道的同心圆环结构，给定弯道回流器子午型线的外侧型线，采用Bezier曲线对内侧型线的2段曲线进行参数化描述，利用遗传算法和反向传播(back-propagation，BP)神经网络相结合的方法对内侧型线进行优化，得到新的弯道回流器子午型线。

By the analysis of dive and horizontal plane nonlinear model, the catastrophe model on de dive plane is deduced, and catastrophe stability is analysized. In the horizontal plane, simplified equation is gained by center manifold theory, then draws the conclusion that the stability of limit circle arises from critical point is relate to small difference of move point and critical point.

通过对潜艇垂直面和水平面非线性运动模型进行分析，导出垂直面运动的突变控制模型，并进行了突变稳定性分析；在水平面运动的非线性分析中，通过中心流形定理简化方程，得出临界点处极限环的稳定性与微差占的符号有关的结论，这样在无法或很难得到李亚普诺夫函数的情况下，可以通过这种方法判别临界点的稳定性。

In this chapter, three kinds of target recognition methods are performed, which are:①Target recognition method based on the description of polarization parameter plane. The echo polarization states of target are projected onto the polarization state plane described by the ellipticity ε and the tilt angle τ of the polarization ellipse, the change of parameter following ferquency becomes the chart. According to the changing trait of the chart, the multidimensional polarization feature space of target has been contructed. Furthermore, a series of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.②Target recognition method based on the description of Poincare polarization sphere. The echo polarization states of target expressed by Stokes vector are projected onto the Poincare polarization sphere. The conception of polarization ferquency stability, which is used in describing the dynamic distribution characteristics of the target echo polarization states on Poincare polarization sphere, has been defined. A group of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.③Target recognition method based on the description of frequency sensitivity. In accordance with the conception of the polarization state distance defined on Poincare polarization sphere, the frequency sensibility of the physical structure property of target has been investigated, the frequency distribution feature curves in PSD domain are obtained, and targets'features are extracted by means of the curve-fitting method with Least Square Criterion.

这章具体研究了基于三种极化散射特性描述的相应的目标识别方法：①基于极化参数平面描述的目标识别方法，将目标回波极化状态投影到以极化椭圆参数，即椭圆率角ε和倾角τ表征的极化状态平面上，参数随观测频率的变化就形成了图，根据图的变化特点构造了目标的多维极化特征空间，并提取了不敏感目标姿态变化的极化特征参数组来设计目标的识别器结构；②基于Poincare极化球面描述的目标识别方法，采用Stokes矢量表征目标回波的极化状态，并将其投影到描述极化状态的Poincare极化球面上，定义了极化频率稳定度的概念用以刻画目标回波极化状态在Poincare极化球面上的动态分布信息，提取了准方位不变性的目标极化特征，最后设计了目标的识别器结构；③基于频率敏感性描述的目标识别方法，通过在Poincare极化球面上所定义的极化状态距离的概念，研究的是复杂目标物理结构特性对探测信号频率的敏感程度问题，获得了在极化状态距离下的频率分布特性曲线，采用最小二乘估计曲线拟合方法，它既用于极化特征的降维，同时又直接将拟合参数作为目标的分类特征。

It is inevitable that the length distortion will happen when the control points are linked to the State Gauss Plane Coordinates System in the plane control surveying for speedways,by which the construction elevation plane would separated from the projection plane of control surveying.

高速公路平面控制测量需要将控制点纳入国家高斯平面坐标系，由此不可避免地出现距离长度变形，并导致平面控制测量投影面与施工高程面分离。

It is shown that even for the case of vanishing IMF strength the bow shock is not rotationally symmetric with respect to the Sun-Earth line: the east-west dimension of the cross section of the bow shock exceeds the north-south dimension by about 9~11% on the terminator plane (dawn-dusk meridian plane) and its sunward side, and becomes smaller than the north-south dimension by about 8% on the tailward side of the terminator plane.

模拟结果表明，即便对于IMF强度为零的情况，弓激波相对日地连线也不具备旋转对称性质：终端面及其向阳侧的弓激波截线的东西宽度大于南北宽度（约9%~11％），终端面尾侧的弓激波截线东西宽度小于南北宽度（约8％）。

Introduce the cohesion-friction model of rock strength theory, and extend the model to select the strength of sliding plane, discuss the variation rules of peak strength and residual strength under different normal stress, and then present the selection model of shearing strength. After the result of cohesion-friction model is compared with Coulomb Criterion, it is found that when the results of shearing strength are many and adjacent the strength parameters can not be regressed by least square method, instead the results should be divided into some beelines at that time according to the cohesion-friction model.(4) Discuss the characters of hard structural plane and weak structural plane: The adhesive friction theory is applied to research the changing course of shear area of hard structural plane and its influence on shear stress.

3介绍了岩石强度理论中的粘接摩擦模型，运用此模型分析依附型滑动面的演化过程，并将其推广到边坡岩土体抗剪强度的选取，讨论了不同法向应力下峰值强度和残余强度随法向应力的变化规律，在此基础上给出抗剪强度的选取模式，讨论了对实际取值结果的影响，并与传统的Coulomb准则进行了比较分析，指出直剪试验的法向应力在小应力区的点较多且抗剪强度结果差异不大时，不宜直接运用最小二乘法回归抗剪强度参数，此时应结合粘接摩擦模型对结果进行线性分段。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。