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From the governing equations satisfying the balance between pressure gradient force, inertial centrifugal force and viscous force, the threedimensional velocities of tornado are obtained, and then its funnel structure is depictured theoretically. It shows that the funnel structure consists of vertex flow and jet flow.

本文用气压梯度力、惯性离心力、黏性力三力平衡的柱坐标下的大气动力和热力学方程组，求龙卷风的三维速度场，从理论上绘制出龙卷风的三维漏斗型结构。

We find that in our model, when the applied force exceeds 0.03, the relationship between force and extension is linear, i.e. force dominates the elastics.

在我们的模型中，当外力超过0.03时，力跟伸长将成线性关系，即外力将占主导地位而熵效应较小。

The method is as follows that the two ends of a nanometer are fixed on two pivots and an axial micro-pulling force T is applied on the nanometer; an electrode is arranged on the middle part of the side of the nanometer and an alternate voltage is applied on the electrode to motivate the nanometer to generate resonance, and therefore, the natural frequency f of the nanometer is measured and acquired; according to the material characteristics and the geometry characteristics of the nanometer as well as the boundary condition of the nanometer material, the relation between the natural frequency and the axial pulling force of the nanometer, namely the f-t curves of the nanometer, can be calculated by a vibration equation; according to the measured natural frequency f, the size of the micro-pulling force T can be acquired.

该方法将一根纳米材料的两端固定在两个支点上，给纳米材料施加一个轴向的微小拉力T；在纳米材料的侧面，位于该纳米材料的中部放置一个电极，在电极上施加一个交变的电压激励纳米材料使其发生共振，测得纳米材料的固有频率f；根据纳米材料的材料特性和几何特征以及纳米材料的边界条件，由振动方程计算出该纳米材料的固有频率与所受的轴向拉力的关系，即纳米材料的f-T曲线；根据上述测得的固有频率f，得到微小拉力T的大小。

The feed motion is projected into each feed axis, and based on its mechanical model(motor driving torque/force, Inertial force and cutting force), the constraint relationship between feedrate, feed acceleration, and feed drive capabilities and toolpath geometric characteristics is derived. With this constraint model, the acceleration and deceleration of each axis can be limited within its capability.

将进给运动分解到各运动轴，根据机床进给轴的力学(电机驱动力／力矩、进给系统所受的惯性力及切削力)模型，推导了多轴联动加工时进给速度、加速度与各进给轴驱动能力以及加工路径几何特性之间的约束关系，使得加工过程中机床各运动轴的加减速始终处于其加工能力范围内。

The paper describes how the local force of the main web is considered as the force caused by the Contact pressure among the trolley wheel, rail and top flange, and how the contact analysis model for the local force is built by means of both Hertz theory and finite element software ANSYS combined. Also, it analyzes the variation of the local stress under the different conditions and comes to a conclusion, and compares the results derived from the experimental formula with the result from ANSYS.

本论文的主要内容：将Hertz接触理论和有限元软件ANSYS结合起来，把主腹板的局部受力问题视为小车轮与轨道及轨道与上翼缘板之间发生接触行为作用下的受力问题，建立了小车轮压作用处偏轨箱形梁主腹板局部受力的接触分析模型，研究不同情况（小车轮压、箱形梁几何参数和轨道截面惯性矩）下局部应力的变化规律，得出相关结论；最后将经验公式解与ANSYS数值解进行对比分析论证。

The results showed that dynamic cutting force F varied much compared with dynamic cutting force F and F. Dynamic cutting force increased with feed and depth of cut, especially when depth of cut was 0.1 mm.

动态切削力随进给量和切削深度的增加而增加，其中在切削深度为0.1 mm的情况下，切削力出现了较大的波动。

In Chapter 1, it introduces atomic force microscopy as a widely used tool in surface measurement and how electrostatic force effects the deviation in measurement using the frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy during the research.

第一章先介绍已被广泛应用在表面量测的重要工具─原子力显微镜，再介绍先前文献对静电力造成频率调制原子力显微镜量测误差之研究。

The simulation results shows that when the hydroforming for real axle housing needs two bulge processes and the specific value of the two bulge ratio is about 1, the result is the best one; To obtain an appropriate route of loading force need adjust internal pressure and axial compression force for many times and according to the failure, the size of the two forces which has been mentioned can be rapidly and rationally adjusted; Because of good greasing conditions influencing largely, reducing the friction between tube blank and die inside surface as well as possibly not only makes more materials flow into the bulge area but effectively diminishes the axial compression force; The good or bad characteristics of tube blank material is also one of the decisive factors and when material is selected, we first consider its' formability.

模拟结果表明，当后桥壳需要两次进行胀形，两次胀形比比值约等于1时，胀形结果最好；合适的加载路径要经过多次调试，能根据胀形缺陷对内压力和轴向力的大小进行迅速地合理调整；良好的润滑环境对后桥壳液压胀形的影响巨大，要尽量减小管坯与模腔内壁的摩擦力，不但使更多的材料流入胀形区，而且能有效的降低轴向力的大小；管坯材料性能的好坏也是影响胀形的决定性因素，选材时首先要考虑材料的成形性。

When inertia force ofa transmission shaftdoesnotchange, itsmaximum transversaldisplacement is equal to the sum of the static deflection produced by inertia force and gravity and the amplitude ofdeflection induced by eccentric mass, and when inertia force of a transmission shaft changes, dynamic deflection is produced.

惯性力不变时，传动轴的最大横向位移等于惯性力和重力产生的静挠度与质量偏心产生的动挠度幅值之和；惯性力变化时，传动轴产生动挠度。

Kempers' study , the more layers the mesh screen type had, its resistance against gravity was higher, but its heat resistance and flow resistance were comparatively augmented. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it is extremely difficult for a single micro structure based on any of the three types to possess both low flow resistance and strong capillary force. Faced with this fact, the researchers have tried to mix the three micro structures in Table 2 into as many combinations as possible so that a composite micro structure with low flow resistance and great capillary force may be fabricated. After a thorough analysis, the groove combined with sintered metal or mesh screen has been found to be a better alternative. However, the groove combined with sintered metal will raise the flow resistance of the channel, and the aluminum substrate employed in this research cannot be sintered into a micro structure. As a result, the groove combined with mesh screen is finally chosen as the composite structure to enhance its capillary force and at the same time maintain its high permeability. In this way, the heat pipe will not fail due to the working angles.

Kempers 的研究当中提到，当网格结构越多层时，其对抗重力的能力也越强，但相对的其热阻以及流阻也越高，就如同前段所述，我们很难在单一结构当中找出一流阻低且毛细力之微结构；因此本研究便以表2中之三种微结构进行组合，找出一低流阻且毛细力强之复合式结构，经分析发现，沟槽搭配烧结以及沟槽搭配网格为较佳之组合方式，但由于烧结搭沟槽构造将会提高流道之流阻，且本研究使用铝做为基材，并无法使用烧结最为其微结构，故将采用网格搭配沟槽之复合式结构提高结构的毛细力，并维持沟槽结构的高渗透性，解决因角度造成热管失效的问题。

The shaping method of noncircular part and the tool holder's radial motion characters in noncircular turning process are discussed in detail in the thesis.

论文详细研究了非圆零件的成型方法和加工过程中刀架的径向运动规律。

I have not really liked him,I do not like his this kind of disposition.

我没有真的喜欢他，我不喜欢他的这种性格。