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On the other hand, we obtain a partial estimate principle, by which we can estimate the lower bound of packing measure for the self-similar sets satisfying strong separation condition.

除此之外，受到文献[46]的启发，利用自相似技巧，本文还得到一个部分估计方法，用于估计满足强分离条件自相似集的填充测度的下界。

Then we estimate the amount of land use in 2002 and 2005 by Markoff Chain Method and Artificial Neural Network. We also use Markoff Chain to estimate the structure change of land usage from ...

并利用马尔可夫链和神经网络两种方法预测了上海市中心城区 2 0 0 2年和 2 0 0 5年的土地利用结构和土地利用结构的变化。

The objective of this paper is to analyze medical expenses records of a group in a year. The Kernel Density Estimation, a nonparametric method, is used to estimate the density function of natural logarithm of medical expenses amount. Then the estimated density function is used to estimate the means and variances of medical expenses amount spent by the inpatients per time.

本文研究了某团体一年的住院医疗费用记录，运用非参数模型中的核密度估计方法，对每次住院费用对数的分布密度进行了估计，并用它进一步估计了每次住院费用的均值和方差，取得了较好的效果。

A point estimate may be the researcher's best guess at the population value, but, by its nature, it provides no information about how close the estimate is "likely" to be to the population parameter.

点估计本身并不能告诉研究者该估计值和总体参数的距离到底有多近。

Therefore, when the grid technique or the district was applied to regionalize spatial scale, individual soil profile are needed more to reduce uncertainties of the estimate of soil organic matter in the grid or the district with spatial scale up, but the uncertainties are smaller when using soil organic matter content in wellestimate gird or district to estimate the grid or district without available data by extrapolation.

因此，采用网格法或行政区划分空间区域，获得空间区域单元内土壤有机质含量或贮量的精确估算需要较多的剖面，但外推至数据不足的空间区域时，估算的不确定较小；采用土壤分类单元为空间区域单元，结果则相反。

The modem spectral estimate and higher order spectral analysis are utilized to estimate the spectrum of the atom clock data respectively, and the noise characteristic is analysed by fitting to the spectrum of the atom clock.

利用现代谱估计法和高阶谱法分别估计原子钟数据的功率谱，并对功率谱进行拟合，可分析原子钟的噪声特性。

A torsional oscillation observer based on the general observer was discussed to estimate the speed of the turbine generator. The dynamic characteristics of standard Luenberger observer with quantization effects were studied by Lyapunov stability criterion. It is concluded that the state estimate error can not asymptotically converge to zero in-the-large in presence of quantization effects.

讨论了基于状态观测器的汽轮机轴系扭振测量方法，采用李亚普诺夫稳定性判据分析存在量化效应的条件下标准龙贝格观测器的动态特性，指出由于数字系统中的有限字长效应会使观测器的跟踪性能恶化，估计误差不能在大范围内渐进收敛。

The first procedure uses the GAMIT software to estimate parameters such as station position and orbital trajectory on a daily basis for a given 24-hour interval from the union of three data sets:(1) the campaign stations,(2) the continuously operating GPS stations in Antarctica,(3) long-running continuous GPS stations around Antarctica. In the second procedure, we combine the daily solutions with global GPS sub-networks (IGS1, IGS2, IGS3), which is provided by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, using the GLOBK software in a "regional stabilization" approach in order to estimate the positions and velocities.

数据处理分为两步，第一步：运用GAMIT软件进行单天解算，估计站位置、轨道等参数，其数据源主要有以下三类：(1) SCAR GPS观测站；（2）南极的连续跟踪站；（3）南极及其周边的部分IGS站；第二步：运用GLOBK软件加入SOPAC（Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center）的全球GPS子网（IGS1、IGS2、IGS3）进行全球网平差解算测站位置和速度。

Secondly, 4 methods of azimuth estimation based on vector hydrophone according to forms of nosie and signal are brought forward. The principles of these 4methods are set forth, simulating them by computer. Acoustic intensity averager can effectively suppress isotropic non-coherent interference; DOA based on line-spectra can effectively detect the target radiating line-spectra and estimate its azimuth angle; Bar graph approach can suppress line-spectra coherent interference and distinguish different targets radiating line-spectrum. Weighted bargraph approach can detect target in broadband coherent interference and estimate its azimuth angle.

其次，根据背景干扰和信号样式的不同，提出了单矢量水听器方位估计的4种方法；阐述了这4种方法的原理，并进行了计算机仿真，指出平均声强器方位估计适用于各向同性噪声场背景干扰，讨论了平均声强器的处理增益；目标辐射噪声中有线谱时，线谱方位估计有很好的性能，其中的LOFAR线谱和高频解调得到的DEMON线谱都是目标的特征谱线，可以利用它们进行方位估计，详细讨论了利用特征线谱单个矢量水听器分辨多目标的性能；直方图方位估计能抗强线谱相干干扰；加权直方图方位估计可以抗宽带相干干扰。

In conventional indirected parameter estimate, such as Weighted Least Square Method, the changing activity of the injected radiotracer is conventionally measured through multiple consecutive PET image reconstructions. The image of the radioactivity distribution in each frame is reconstructed independently and the whole set of frames is then used to estimate the distribution of the physiological parameter of interest by the application of an appropriate pharmacokinetic model to the time radioactivity curve either of appropriately selected functional regions or of each image element.

传统的间接参数估计方法如加权最小二乘参数估计方法(Weighted Least SquareMethod，WLS)，需要首先从测量数据重建出PET动态放射性活度图像，然后在这些时间上连续的重建图像应用适当的动力学模型上估计感兴趣的生理参数，然而PET重建图像中往往含有极大的噪声，这些噪声将影响参数估计的准确性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。