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Zeiss had become involved in camera lens design and fabrication giving the world such famous names as "Tessar","Biotar" and "Sonnar"(the latter developed by Dr. Ludwig Bertele - another famous name in optics design). In 1926 Carl Zeiss Jena combined five companies including "Contessa" to produce cameras and lenses.

蔡司也涉足照相机镜头设计制造业，并留下了天塞镜头、"Biotar"镜头和大光圈镜头的典范索纳镜头等经典产品（索纳镜头为1931年蔡司另一位著名的光学设计家，路德维希·雅可布·贝尔特勒博士发明）。1926年，蔡司联合5家公司包括"Contessa"公司生产照相机和镜头。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

First, determine the location of lines plane by the plane line design In the topographic map, Then draw the ground line and design the plane Coordinate program.

首先在地形图上进行平面线路的设计，确定出线路的平面位置，并据此点绘出地面线，并进行平面坐标计算程序的设计。

The design of the "Square Tower Park" probe into the crasis of tradition and modern, it worthful as an example to study from programming to space art feature and design methods by contemporary landscape architecture designs.

中国传统园林的价值与局限以及现代园林的兴起的简要概括。 2。方塔园的设计背景、基地现状以及方塔园项目的详细介绍。

During the design of the line graticule, we did not use the ruling technique on glass, but selected Wwire to make the LOS and welded two electrodes at the two ends respectively. This design can avoid any possible error caused by the replacement of the crossline graticule observation when a multispectral optical system is tested.

该装置十字分划线的设计未采用常规的玻璃刻线工艺，而是选取电阻率较高的钨丝制成十字分划线，并在分划线的两端焊上电极，避免了测试时由于更换十字分划线靶标而可能产生的误差。

The aim of the subject is to design and check the strength of the gears of crown gear coupling from the Beijing subway and to analyse the teeth by means of 3D FE elastic contact method. The result can numerically and theoretical support the design and manufacture of crown gear coupling.

本课题研究的目的是通过对北京地铁联轴器齿轮副进行强度设计和校核，并且对其进行三维弹性接触有限元分析，得出鼓形齿联轴器齿轮副的弹性接触状况，为鼓形齿联轴器的设计及制造提供数据和理论支持。

Experimental design of the circuit - the transistor triggered by a single node of the single-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier circuit, through the step-down, rectifier, output waveform, circuit design including DC motors, Thyristor, single crystal, such as rectifier circuits.

实验设计电路-由单结晶体管触发的单相半控桥式整流电路，通过降压、整流、输出波形，电路设计包括直流电动机，晶闸管，单结晶，整流电路等。

By creative design of curvilinear products, student master methods and skills of geometric construction and improve their abilities of engineering design and innovation.

学习基于几何作图的绘图方法及技巧，对含有多种曲线的产品进行创新设计作图，达到对学生工程设计能力和创新能力培养的目的。

Detailed studies are made as follows: Searching the key internal factors which can affects slope stability. According to the geological data which was gained by exploration investigation, establishing a geological model which can reflect rock mass characteristics;With analyzing the internal and exterior factors synthetically, the deformation and possible failure mechanism and mode of the cut slopes was confirmed which combines with stereoic projection and other techniques;The stabilities of the 14 high slopes are estimated synthetically by applicable design codes and guidelines. With the estimate result and some other analysis methods, the rock mass mechanical parameters of slope are identified;As a results, 14 high slopes fall into 4 categories based on rockmass characteristics and discontinuities. The stability and deformation of some typical slopes was analyzed with distinct element method by UDEC;The safety factor of some dangerous slopes are calculated by rigid limiting equilibrium method for coMParison.

首先着重研究影响边坡稳定性的内在因素，主要是通过地质勘探、测量、现场观测等手段取得研究区地质体的基础地质资料，建立起能够反映地质体结构特征的地质模型；随后综合分析潜在的内外部影响因素，并结合赤平投影对边坡可能的失稳模式或破坏机制作出判断；运用已有岩体质量分类方法对沿线14个高陡边坡稳定性进行初步的评价，并结合试验研究、经验判断、工程类比等手段确定了坡体的岩体力学参数；根据稳定性初步评价结果将研究区14个高陡边坡按开挖方式分为4大类，并利用离散元程序UDEC对各类典型高陡边坡进行了稳定性计算分析；对潜在危险边坡利用刚体极限平衡法求出了不同工况下的安全系数。

By analyzing the pulse transformer and ideal drive electric current wave, we try to improve the rate of changing-over, discuss the damped oscillation, point out existing circuit design error, and working a new circuit design which can reduce the common circuit circulation and switch loss.

通过对脉冲变压器及理想激励电流波形的分析，如何提高转换速率，阻尼振荡予以讨论，指出目前存在的设计误区，做出减少共态导通与开关损耗的新设计。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。