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By the analysis of stress distortion of circular load symmetry flat plate, starting from the entire deriving course of thickness calculation formula, derives the simple formula of calculating blind flange thickness, which is fit for oral calculation of hydrostatic pressure testing of in-situ equipment and pipeline.

通过对对称载荷圆形平板的应力变形进行分析，从其厚度计算公式的整个推导过程入手，归纳整理出适合于施工现场设备及管道等试压时，所需的盲板厚度的简易计算公式，使其达到现场口算化。

This dissertation first puts forward the model of driving force transformation which the contact region of stator and rotor is divided into three relative sliding areas such as braking—driving—braking by means of research on vibration characteristics of USM stator surface points and micro driving course to rotor, this model can explain variation regularity of USM load characteristics, moreover, simplified calculation formula of rotor driving force concerned with stator teeth is set up.

本文通过对行波超声马达定子表面各点的振动特性和定子对转子微观驱动过程的研究，首次提出将定子和转子接触区划分为制动区—驱动区—制动区三个相对滑动区的驱动力转换模型，这一模型能够解释超声马达负载特性变化规律，并建立了计及定子齿的转子驱动力计算简化公式，该式能应用于多于两个定子齿驱动的转子驱动力计算。

In chapter one, a review for the trade of urban rail traffic is performed with respects to the developing histories and trend, mode, light rails, vehicle type and so on; In chapter two, a set of contradistinctive analyses between the domestic and the overseas are carried out at aspects of equipment, density of line net, build cost and so on. In chapter three, the competitive status among existing enterprises for urban rail vehicle and equipment manufacturing in our country is analyzed by Potter model; In chapter four, questions that should be paid attention to and strategies in course of our country's urban rail traffic building are provided mainly in terms of plan, cost, construction investment and operation, selection of system type, safety of building process and so on.

本文第一章主要从轨道交通的发展历史、模式、轻轨、车辆类型、发展趋势等方面对城市轨道交通行业的发展作了一个回顾；第二章主要是从设备、线网密度、建设成本等六个方面对国内外城市轨道交通进行了一个对比分析；第三章主要是利用波特模型对我国现有的城市轨道交通车辆设备生产企业之间的竞争状况进行了分析；第四章主要从规划、成本、建设投资和运营、系统类型选择、建设过程安全等方面提出了我国在城市轨道交通建设过程中应该注意的问题和对策。

Indeed the activity of the Sgarabotto makers was very influential in the violin making school of Parma, Cremona and elsewhere. Much could be said about their combined influence on the cultural heritage within the musical world of string instruments, and of the enormous regard and esteem with which all their students and musicians held the masters. The greatest interest by posterity, of course, centers on their combined oeuvre, on the set of master violins from their hand left for us to play and admire.

事实上， Sgarabotto在Parma制琴学校、Cremona制琴学校以及其他地方都有著深远影响，他们这一组合在很大程度上影响了音乐世界中的弦乐发展，并得到学生和广大音乐家的一致尊敬和好评，对后人留下最大的好处自然是留下了很多经典作品，另外他们的制琴工艺广泛流传影响至今。

Facing the chances and challenges of network, China's TV medium is seeking for the complementary with network and trying for the further development actively by, on the one hand, establishing China's native website to realize its cybernation dissemination of information, on the other hands, promoting its course of digitization and cybernation to adapt the fury competition of global TV industry.

面对网络所带来的机遇和挑战，中国电视媒体正积极地寻求与网络相融互补，谋求更广阔的发展天地：一方面通过组建自己的媒体网站，实现信息的网络化传播，另一方面在积极的推进电视媒体的数字化、网络化进程，适应未来全球电视业的激烈竞争

The deep source of western rule by law lies in the separation of country with demagogic society and interactive development,that is in the course of country re—construction and demagogic social independence movement,the demarcation and conflict of power with right give rise to the production of legal order,but the advocating of townspeople social spirit promotes the legal formalization movement.

西方法治产生的深层根源在于其国家与市民社会的分离和互动发展，即在国家重建和市民社会自由化运动过程中，权力和权利的界分与冲突导致了法律秩序的生成，而市民社会精神的张扬则推动了法律形式化运动。

The deep source of western rule by law lies in the separation of country with demagogic society and interactive development,that is in the course of country r e -construction and demagogic social independence movement,the demarcation and con flict of power with right give rise to the production of legal order,but the adv ocating of townspeople social spirit promotes the legal formalization movement.

内容提要西方法治产生的深层根源在于其国家和市民社会的分离和互动发展，即在国家重建和市民社会自由化运动过程中，权力和权利的界分和冲突导致了法律秩序的生成，而市民社会精神的张扬则推动了法律形式化运动。

The solution of some practical problems in engineering can be regarded as that of periodic solution of nonlinear autonomous systems according to the opinion of mathematics, The problems of this kind are analysed by means of the direct numerical method in this paper,The simple and convenient Draw Newton Method is applied for solving the parameter vectors in iteration course along with the calculation of a practical engineering problem.

日I崖旨J，'口工程中的一些实际问题往往可以归结为非线性自治系统，例如描述同步发电机暂态稳定性问题的转子摇摆方程，即是一典型的非线性自治系统。虽然可以用各种小参数摄动法求解非线性系统，但是这类方法是依据对线性系统的解进行"摄动"来逼近非线性系统解的。因而当系统

In the course of industrialization in China due to the economic development gap between urban and rural areas, unbalanced region distribution of educational resources and distempered ness of rural junior secondary education system, the dropout phenomena of western region rural children because of poverty and voluntary has become a prominent problem faced by junior high school education.

在我国工业化过程中，由于城乡、地域经济发展差距较大，城乡、地域教育资源配置不均衡等原因，西部地区农村家庭的子女因贫困而失学及农村家庭自愿选择让子女辍学等现象已经成为农村初中教育所面临的一个突出问题。

We decide the fit breed of each place according to the geographical and periodical seeding experiments: FD1 like gongnongyihao fits the drought-cold areas such as Changling; FD3-5 like Haygrazer, Vector, Key etc fit the Huabei area such as Beijing and Taiyuan; FD6~8 like Lobo, Durango Eclogue, Titan802 etc fit the middle and lower reaches of Yangzi river such as Zhengjiang.3.During the course of climatic ecology division of alfafa, accumulated temperature above 5℃ is used as the main index, by gradually division, the whole country is divided into 6 climatic zones, namely Northeast zone, Huanghuai zone, Yangzi river valley zone, Northwest of Mongolian zone , Qingzang altiplano zone and unfit zone of South China. In each climatic zone, based on the main and secondary indexes, the climatic zones is divided into second climatic ecology regions, such as north of Xinjiang region, south of Xinjiang region and south of Tibet region etal, total 21 regions.

地理分期播种试验，确定了各地适合品种：以长岭为代表的干旱高寒气候适合种植秋眠1级品种，如公农一号；以北京和太原为代表的华北地区适合种植秋眠级3～5级的品种，如Haygrazer、Vector、Key等；以镇江为代表的长江中下游地区适合种植秋眠级6～8级的品种，如Lobo、Durango、牧歌、巨人802等品种。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。