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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The chief authorities for the Gallican Mass are the letters of St. Germanus of Paris (555-576); and by a comparison of these with the extant Sacramentaries, not only of Gaul but of the Celtic Rite, with the Irish tracts on the Mass, with the books of the still existing Mozarabic Rite, and with the descriptions of the Spanish Mass given by St. Isidore, one may arrive at a fairly clear general idea of the service, though there exists no Gallican Ordinary of the Mass and no Antiphoner.

首席当局对大众的高卢圣信街Germanus的巴黎（ 555-576 ）；和比较这些与现存Sacramentaries ，不仅是高卢人，但凯尔特人队的礼仪，与爱尔兰村组群众与书籍，仍然存在摩沙拉仪式，并与说明西班牙大众给予的圣伊西多尔，人们可以得出一个相当明确的总体思路的服务，但不存在任何高卢圣普通群众，没有

Experiments on decalcification and activation of osteoinductive ability, comparison between the osteogenesis of demineralized bone matrix in orthotopic and in heterotopic sites, and correlation between immune response to allograft of bone and osteoinductive activity of the graft, were reported in this paper. 1. Syngeneic deminerolized bone matrix and the mixture of DBM with bone ash or acid-soluble protein extracted from demineralization was implanted into muscle pouch of mice, subsequently, the inhibition of DBM osteoinduction by bone ash or acid-soluble protein was demonstrated with histological and by means of alkaline phosphatase assay.

本文对脱钙处理使骨诱导活性表达的作用、脱钙骨基质植入不同部位的成骨表现，以及同种异体骨移植引发的免疫反应与骨诱导活性的内在关系三方面进行了研究：（1）在小鼠肌肉植入同系脱钙骨基质及其与脱钙所去除的骨矿盐和酸溶性蛋白混合物，碱性磷酸酶和组织学检查表明：骨矿盐和酸溶性蛋白具有抑制脱钙骨基质骨诱导活性的作用。

Only a fair number of those alterations can be corrected by a close study of the context; by a careful comparison of the text with the ancient versions, especially the Septuagint; by an application of the rules of Hebrew parallelism, etc. In the other places, the primitive reading has disappeared and cannot be recovered, except conjecturally, by the means which Biblical criticism affords in the present day.

只有一个公平的数目，这些改动能得到纠正密切研究的背景下，通过仔细比较文本与古代版本，特别是septuagint ；由一个规则的适用希伯来语并行等，在其他地方，原始读已经消失且无法复原，除conjecturally ，手段，其中圣经的批评，给予在目前的天。

The new assembled digital Doppler rader was introduced in this paper. The results of comparison experiment show that the speed and direction of wind detected by the new rader conicide with those by tethersonde, and its functions are equivalent to those of Doppler acoustic radar with separated antenna developed previously in China and other countries.

本文对新设计的集合式数字多普勒声雷达作了介绍，对比试验结果说明新设计的声雷达测量风速和风向的结果与系留气艇测量结果相符很好，其性能与过去国内和国外分离式天线多普勒声雷达的性能相当。

There are six points below serving as reasons: firstly, solvency report reveals company's solvency status at certain time point and discrete view regarding quarter as discrete accounting period is consistent with ideas of insurance surveillance and management; secondly, deferrals and withdrawals in advance of expenses in integral view make confirmed assets and liabilities inconsistent with definitions of admitted assets and ranking liabilities; thirdly, taking into account cost and expenses of the entire year also brings unnecessary troubles to accounting measurement; fourthly,"integral view" is more dependent on professional judgment and estimate by accounting personnel, which is likely to lead to incomparability of company's solvency reports; fifthly, it is consistent with provisions of enterprise accounting standards of our country, which is convenient for company to compile solvency report; sixthly, it is in compliance with methods adopted by most developed countries, which is helpful for international comparison.

其原因有以下六点：第一，偿付能力报告反映公司在某一时点上的偿付能力状况，"独立观"将季度视为独立的会计期间与保险监管的理念一致；第二，一体观下费用的递延和预提使确认的资产和负债不符合认可资产和认可负债的定义；第三，会计估计考虑全年的成本和费用也给会计计量带来不必要的麻烦；第四，"一体观"较多地依赖于会计人员的职业判断和估计，可能会导致不同公司的偿付能力报告不可比；第五，与我国的企业会计准则的规定一致，便于公司编制偿付能力报告；第六，与多数发达国家采用的方法一致，有利于国际比较。

Methods Six cadaveric lumbar vertebrae were harvested and evaluated with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography to assess bone mineral density. Matched, polyaxial pedicle screws were then randomly assigned by side and placed using the Magerl, Krag or caudad trajectory technique assisted by Iso-C 3D scan and 3D navigation system. Cyclic loading tests were performed with a maximum 250 N load at 3 Hz up to 30000 cycles while recording load and displacement. Stiffness quotients were calculated it comparison.

从尸体中获取6节腰椎椎体经DEXA和QCT检测骨密度值，证实为骨质疏松后在计算机导航下按随机分组的方法向12个椎弓根中置人不同方向的椎弓根螺钉，使用MTS-858生物力学仪脊柱力学测试平台进行±250N的循环负荷疲劳测试，记录负荷循环中的螺钉位移，计算系统的刚度系数并进行对比分析。

In the chapter three, by using the comparison principle and frequency domain method of the discrete systems with time-delay, combining Rouche Theorem, sufficient criterions for the stabilization of the neutral type discrete control systems with multiple time-delay and the neutral type interval coefficient discrete control systems with multiple time-delay are obtained by choosing appropriate feedback controller.

在第三章，利用时滞离散系统的比较原理与时域法，结合复变函数理论中的路歇定理，通过选取适当的反馈控制律，得到了多组时滞中立型线性定常离散控制系统和多组时滞中立型区间系数线性定常离散控制系统的无条件镇定的充分性准则。

This article illustrates detailed investigation and the statistics about art vocational education and development in vocational schools such as ShaanXi Art School,Movie and TV School, Economy and Trade school. The article also analysis and studies in different angles about fine arts vocational education reform: present situation of fine arts vocational education;The possibility and must for fine arts vocationalism education;The problems, reflection and countermeasure in the professionalism or vocationalism education reform; By analyzing present situation of fine arts education with statistics and comparison, the author elaborated the urgency for the reform, meanwhile ponder and summarize some reform attempts; By analyzing the possibility and necessity of vocationalism of fine arts education, along with the development of social economy and vigorously support from national policy, the article gives the full affirmation to vocational education prospects in our country, and indicates vocationalism will be inevitable trend for regular fine arts school education reform.

本文对国内艺术学校、电影电视学校、经贸学校等一些中专学校的美术专业的教育及发展状况做了详细的调查与统计，并分别从以下几个角度对中专美术的教育改革作了分析与研究：中专美术的教育现状；美术职业化教育的可能性和必要性；职业化改革中面临的问题以及思考和对策；在中专美术教育现状的研究中，运用了数据分析和对比，阐述了改革的迫切性，同时针对当前中专美术在教育改革中所做的一些尝试，进行了思考和总结；在对美术职业化教育的可能性和必要性的分析中，本文结合社会经济的发展和国家政策的大力支持，对我国职业教育的发展前景给予充分肯定，指明中专美术教育向职业化方向发展将是中专教改的必然趋势。

Finally, in additional to the comparison of results derived by PPP and DGPS, they were all compared to Anping tide gauge records as well. The aim of this study is the analysis of height variations provided by different methodologies. Comparing to Anping tide gauge records, the differences in height variations can achieve 4.5 cm with DGPS; 6 cm with final product; 10 cm with rapid product; 25 cm with ultra-rapid product; 1~2 m with ultra-rapid product.

实验中也搜集了安平潮位站的潮位资料，故也将此资料与GPS浮标高程方向定位成果进行比较，而研究中将著重於高程变化量之分析，假设潮位仪观测海水面高程变化量为参考解，由实验结果可发现差分相对定位椭球高变化量均方根误差之平均值约4.5公分；使用最终产品时椭球高变化量均方根误差之平均值可以达到6公分以内；使用快速产品时椭球高变化量均方根误差之平均值可以达到10公分以内；使用超快速产品观测部分於观测环境理想时椭球高变化量均方根误差之平均值可以达到25公分左右；使用超快速产品预估部分时椭球高变化量均方根误差之平均值约1~2公尺。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。