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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

In order to cipher out sum of square and effect estimation of combining ability, transpose procedure, merge sentence and z=x + y, gi= 1/(p+2 *(hi-2*zh/p), sij = xij -/(p+2)+ 2*zh/(p+1 *(p + 2) etc. transformations are applied in this study .New data gather and varieties are produced from original data to meet the analysis by using the sentences of keep, file, infile, put,set and so on.Multiple comparison of combining ability effect is carried outin SAS system by using fuctions of probf (f,dfl,df2), probt, tinv and lag , transformations of LSD0.o5=ee*abstinv(px,dfe, LSD0.01=ee*abstinv(pj ,dfe , and conditional sentence of if, then.

主要须用到transpose过程，merge语句以及统计代换z=x+y、gi=1／(p+2*(hi—2*zh／p)和sij=xij-／(p+2)+2*zh／(p+1*(p+2)等算出各种配合力平方和及其效应估计；用语句keep、file、infile、put、set等通过原始数据资料产生各种新的数据集和变量以满足分析需要；利用概率函数probf(f，df1，df2)和probt，反概率函数tinv，延迟函数lag，LSD_(0.05)=ee*abstinv(px，dfe、LSD_(0.01)=ee*abstinv(Pj，dfe等几个统计代换，以及if、then条件语句等实现了配合力显著性测验和配合力效应之差的显著性测验。

Should this experience prove false and Israel actually repent, forgiveness and national life would be by no means hopeless; and therefore utterances like v. 4 and 14, however inconspicuous they may be in comparison with the denunciatory passages, are by no means to be overlooked, and certainly not to be held as spurious.

应这方面的经验证明，虚假和以色列，其实悔改，宽恕和国家生活会，绝非无望；因此，话语像五，四和第14条，但不显眼，他们可能会在比较与denunciatory通道，是决不被忽视，当然也不是将要举行的作为杂散。

Common-and air-cushion type comparison: when it comes to air cushion layer, air cushion layer is in a State of managers'change granula, it is made of synthetic elastomer and is indicated by a particle, microparticulate, interlamination of air compression layer by air cushion rubber compounds bubble and decided that blanket surface treatment is divided into three, the first coated paper: use sulfuration to form the process of polishing.

普通型与气垫型对比：谈到气垫层，气垫层是处于封闭式颗粒之状态，它由合成弹性体和微粒组成，微粒内含空气，层间的压缩性由气垫层气泡和橡胶化合物决定，橡皮布表面处理分为三种，第一种涂铸：使用硫化纸张形成表面抛光的过程。

Methods Six cadaveric lumbar vertebrae were harvested and evaluated with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography to assess bone mineral density. Matched, polyaxial pedicle screws were then randomly assigned by side and placed using the Magerl, Krag or caudad trajectory technique assisted by Iso-C 3D scan and 3D navigation system. Cyclic loading tests were performed with a maximum 250 N load at 3 Hz up to 30000 cycles while recording load and displacement. Stiffness quotients were calculated it comparison.

从尸体中获取6节腰椎椎体经DEXA和QCT检测骨密度值，证实为骨质疏松后在计算机导航下按随机分组的方法向12个椎弓根中置人不同方向的椎弓根螺钉，使用MTS-858生物力学仪脊柱力学测试平台进行±250N的循环负荷疲劳测试，记录负荷循环中的螺钉位移，计算系统的刚度系数并进行对比分析。

The last chapter marks an effort to interpret rhetorics elaborated by de Man in later stage. By a careful comparison between this rhetorics and traditional rhetorics, the paper tries to chase down where de Man"s rhetorics comes from and how it develops into a powerful weapon of deconstruction, so as to arrive at a rational analysis and deeper understanding of de Man"s later thought.

第六章着重梳理德曼晚期致力于发挥的修辞学，将这种修辞学与传统修辞学进行细致的比较，希望能够摸索到它的产生根源和发展过程，进而对它加以理性的分析和把握。

The auxiliary can be recovered in high yield (81%) only by filtering and recrystallization. Besides, some other aldehydes have been chosen to test the enantioselectivity of N,N\'-dibenzyl tartamide, in comparison with two other allylaborates reagents developed previously by Roush and Brown, respectively. The results show that %e.e. of homoallylic alcohol is superior to that of the former, and approaches the Brown reagent.

产物经S_N2反应得瑞格列萘中间体-甲基烯丙基-2-氯苯基-叠氮甲烷(17)；同时，将筛选出的新型手性配体N-苄基酒石酸二酰胺用于其他几种醛(正丁醛，异戊醛和环己醛)的不对称烯丙基化反应，并与广泛应用的Roush配体(22)和Brown配体(27)相比较，发现其立体选择性优于Roush配体，并接近Brown配体，但明显具有可回收利用的优势。

Methods: the chondrocytes of the rabbit condylar were derived from rabbit,and were cultured to the second generation in vitro,then hgfcdna transfected the cells.the capacity of cell proliferation was tested by mtt,the deferences of the type ii collagen were tested by sabc immunohistochemical of the type ii collagen after infected;the mrna levels were tested nd so on the mrna levels were tested by in situ hybridization of the type ii collagen between the transfection group and comparison group .

取兔膝关节软骨细胞体外培养至第二代，hgfcdna转染软骨细胞，空白质粒组为对照组；噻唑蓝检测软骨细胞的增殖能力，sabc免疫组化及原位杂交法测其ii型胶原在转染前后的变化与mrna的表达。

It puts forward to system compartmentalization , significant functions and design of external interfaces of on-board equipment simulation subsystem by analyzing and research on system structure, functions interfaces of CTCS3 based on SRS of ETCS2. It realized software development of on-board equipment simulation subsystem and significant functions by using C++ Builder 6.0. It realized the function of computing most restrictive speed profiles and dynamic speed profiles, computing on-board odometers, ceiling speed supervision, MA speed supervision, speed comparison intervention, transmitting position report, computing end-point of MA, receiving data by balise etc.

本文通过对CTCS3级系统组成结构、功能、接口的分析和研究，在参照ETCS2级需求规范的基础上，总结出了CTCS3级仿真测试平台中车载仿真子系统的结构划分、主要功能设计、接口设计等，对仿真子系统的软件进行了总体设计，并利用C++ Builder 6.0开发平台实现了CTCS3级车载设备仿真子系统的软件开发，实现了车载设备的主要功能，包括：最严格速度曲线的计算、动态速度曲线的计算、车载里程的计算、顶棚速度监督、MA速度的监督、速度比较干预、发送列车位置报告、计算MA终点，接收应答器报文等功能。

To be specific, the thesis will take the novelist and his works as an integer by putting them into the transformation of the society, its social-historical thoughts and culture context, by observing the novelist and his works from thoughts resources to the development, from the thematic diachronic evolvement to the synchronic cultural comparison, from the innate writing talents to the unavoidable psychological dilemma, and therefore, grasp the research object wholly.

寻根探源历来是研究作家创作思想的重要方法和不可或缺的步骤，但当前对张炜小说创作&思想资源&的研究却不多见。本文认为，张炜小说创作的&思想资源&多元而丰富：儒家文化的入世情怀与仁爱思想，道家文化的天人合一与自为自在精神，鲁迅的启蒙观念与理性精神，俄国文学的道德理想与苦难意识，民间文化自由与奔放的人间情怀，及以&焦虑&、&绝望&为认知特征的现代西方哲学等等，都对张炜小说创作思想的形成、发展产生了重要影响。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。