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The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

The biological activity of IFN-γwas detected in the supernatant of the cultured 293 cells following rAds' infection, and it could be blocked by the antibody for IFNγ. The B16F10 cells infected with the purified rad (RSV/IFN-01) didn't show cytopathic effect , and more biological activity of IFN-γwas detected in the infected B16F10 cells' supernatant with the increased MOI values. Therefore, the recombinant adenovirus constructed in this study can express and secrete human IFN-γ.

其中的1号重组病毒纯化后，按不同的MOI值感染复制缺陷型腺病毒不能在其中增殖的B16F10细胞，未出现细胞病变效应（cytopathic effect，CPE），而上清中的γ-干扰素活性却随MOI值增大而升高：这证实构建的复制缺陷型腺病毒是能表达并分泌人γ-干扰素的。

When FDR finally gave the go-ahead, pinheads in the State Department blocked the measure.

罗斯福总统的时候，终于给他们，进取， pinheads在国务院的封杀措施。

Comparing tow methods of efficency pre-estimation, it finds out the new method fit for super-low specific-speed pump. Acoording to the study and comparison on efficency and reliability, the thesis points out merits and faults of the 5 types of impeller, and draws a conclusion that the complex impeller and partly blocked-flow-passage impeller are fit for the impellers of super-low specific-speed centrifugal pump.

比较了泵效率预估的方法，提出了适合于极低比转数泵效率预估的新方法，并对其性能要求的效率和可靠性两方面进行了研究比较，指出了五种形式叶轮各自的优缺点，得到结论：复合叶轮和部分堵塞流道的一般叶轮适合作极低比转数泵叶轮。

But this policy hindered the development of local property and exacerbated peoples living conditions in both peninsulas. When official communication was blocked, smuggling and escaping increased seriously.

但当正常交往的渠道被阻塞时，两地间的走私贸易和海岛逃人现象却日渐严重，形成一种值得重视的民间自发弥合现象。

The only negative comments I have are that the pull start handle is blocked by the front panel, making it necessary to pull the rope partway out and then pull it at about a 30 degree angle to the motor to start it.

唯一的负面评论，我已经是开始的拉手柄是由前面板堵塞，因此有必要拉绳子中途出来，然后把它在约30度角的马达来启动它。

"After treatment with PJ-34, we found that PARP activity was blocked and ventilator-induced damage in the lungs was decreased," he said.

&通过PJ-34治疗，我们发现PARP活性被抑制，呼吸机肺损伤减少了，&他说。

Results In the 24 cases, B - Flow displayed low level echo or medium echo blocked the lumen of the vessels or pardy, and clearly showed the shape and size of thrombus and relationships between the thrombus and the vessels wall without overflowing artifact.

结果24例病例中，B—Flow显示在血管内见低回声或中等回声，充填或部分充填血管腔，并能清晰地显示血栓形态、大小、血栓与管壁的关系，无血流外溢伪像。

Last month the Senate blocked a proposal for a bipartisan commission on deficit reduction: the yeas outnumbered the nays by 53 to 46, but failed to reach a supermajority.

上个月参议院挡下了一个提议要成立跨党派的委员会来削减赤字，赞成的有五十三票而反对的有四十六票，没能达到超级多数。

And the strengthening mechanism can be described as follows: WC cemented carbides have interlaced short-clubbed grain, and in the bend strength test, the microcrack generates at WC/WC grain boundary, and may be blocked by interlaced fine-clubbed grains during extending, which induce the intergranular pulling-out. Due to the pulling-out mechanism, fracture-extend energy is greatly expended, thus bend strength is increased. The wear mechanism is groove wear and spalling of WC grains.

热机械合金化合成的WC-Co硬质合金比传统方法制备的同类WC合金具有更高的强度，其机理是：热机械合金化合成的WC合金具有交替排列的短棒状组织，在三点弯曲试验中，微裂纹萌生于WC/WC晶界位置，受到交错排列的短棒状晶粒的阻碍，裂纹扩展以短棒状晶粒的拔出方式进行，极大地消耗了裂纹扩展的能量，从而提高了弯曲强度；合成试样的摩擦磨损过程以犁沟磨损和WC颗粒的剥落为主要特征。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。