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In this thesis,we mainly study complete noncompact Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below. We study the topology of these manifolds via comparisonal geometry methods.In chapter 1 ,we will make a general description on the recent researches in our field.

在本文中，我们主要研究了Ricci曲率有下界完备非紧的Riemann流形的拓扑问题，在比较几何的基础上研究了有特定曲率条件的Riemann流形的拓扑，得到了有关其拓扑结构的一些结果。

In Chapter 2, we use Zorn lemma and generalized order set general principle [47] to generalize classical Caristi fixed point theorem, respectively, which weaken the condition that the functional is bounded from below.

在第二章中，我们首先分别利用Zorn引理和推广的序集一般原理[47]推广了古典的Caristi不动点定理，削弱了泛函下方有界这个条件。

The composite nonsmooth optimization problem is defined as follows:〓where h is a convex function defined on〓and is bounded from below,and〓〓is a mapping from〓to〓and〓are twicecontinuously differentiable function on〓.

复合NDO问题被定义如下：〓这里h是一个定义在〓上的凸函数，并且有下界，〓，〓是一个从〓到〓上的映照。

If the flow does not go to infinity, or the functional is bounded from below on the flow and satisfy the condition, then the limit of the flow maybe a critical point.

如果流线不走向无穷远处，或泛函在此流线上下方有界且满足条件，那么极限点就可能是临界点。

According to that Caristi fixed point theorem is equivalent to Ekeland variational principle, we weaken the condition that the functional is bounded from below in Ekeland variational principle, then we enlarge the area of the applicable functionals.

鉴于Caristi不动点定理和Ekeland变分原理的等价性，我们对Ekeland变分原理中泛函的下方有界的要求作了相应的削弱，从而扩大了适用泛函的范围。

In chapter four, we prove that a complete open Riemmannian manifold with Ricci curvature negatively lower bounded is of finite topological type provided that the conjugate radius is bounded from below by a positive constant and its excess is bounded by some function of its conjugate radius.

第四章，我们证明了对于Ricci曲率具负下界的完备开Riemannian流形，当其共轭半径有正下界且它的Excess被其共轭半径的某个函数所界定时，它就有有限拓扑型。

Lots of empirical studies show that the actual processesand results of investors'decision-making are very different from that described byMFT's optimal investment decision-making model because of judgement anddecision biases arising from investors'psychological biases and informationasymmetry , investors'bounded rationality below the MFT's requirement.

大量的实证研究表明，实际中由于投资者固有的一些心理偏差和信息不对称的存在，使得投资者的认知能力和判断能力以及判断的准确度往往存在偏差，远远低于经典现代金融理论对投资者的理性要求，投资者的实际决策过程和决策结果与经典现代金融理论的最优投资决策模型所描述的大相径庭。

FR conjugate gradient methods with perturbations are proposed. The global convergence property of the first method is proved under the condition of main directions' sufficient descent. Whereas, in the proof of the convergence for the other two methods, we only need main directions' descent. Importantly and quite interesting, boundedness conditions such as objective function being bounded below, boundedness of level set are not needed. Chapter 5 presents a version of Dai-Yuan conjugate gradient method with perturbations.

在主方向充分下降的条件下证明了第一个方法的全局收敛性，而后两个方法的收敛性是在主方向下降的条件下证明的，这些收敛性证明的一个共同特征就是不需要目标函数有下界或水平集有界等有界性条件，第5章采用Wolfe或Armijo步长规则提出了带扰动项的Dai-Yuanabbr。

This result can best be viewed as a quantum black hole version of the third law of thermodynamics. As a result of this area spectrum, the spectrum of M is discrete, bounded below, and can be made positive. Prom the physical point of view, the semiboundedness and positivity of the spectrum are very satisfying results: The semi-boundedness of the spectrum implies that one cannot extract an infinite amount of energy from the system, whereas the positivity of the spectrum is in agreement with the well-known positive-energy theorems of general relativity.

同时根据EMDA黑洞动力学，存在与面积谱对应的大于零且有下界的质量离散谱，从物理上来看，质量谱的半有界性意味着不可能从系统吸取无限的能量，而正定性则与广义相对论中的正能定理一致，也就说稳态轴对称EMDA时空的ADM能量总是大于零。

Suppose that f is a real-valued ω〓-lower semicontinuous function defined on a ω〓closed bounded subset A〓 of the dual E〓 of a locally convex space E, which is bounded below on A〓, and suppose every ω〓 closed convex subset of C〓≡ω〓-clcoA〓 is the ω〓closed convex hull of its w〓-β-exposed points.

假设X是一个局部凸空间，X〓是其对偶。A〓是X〓上的ω〓有界闭子集，f是A〓上的ω〓-下半连续实值函数且在A〓上下有界。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。