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A general formula for computing the OTF of a defocused optical system is derived from the Kirchoff diffraction integration under an approximate condition which is weaker than the Fresnel condition.

本文从基尔霍夫衍射积分公式出发，在弱于菲涅耳条件的近似下，以高斯像面的像差量及系统的离焦量为参变量，导出了便于计算离焦光学系统的OTF的普遍算式。

In this paper, Galerkin method is employed. First, test functions to satisfy natural boundary conditions are selected. Then the approximate analytic formulations of the system frequency are derived. Meanwhile the approximate analytic formulation of the limit velocity is got.

采用直接法，首先选取满足自然边界条件的试函数，而后求出了系统固有频率的近似解析公式，同时也得到了极限流速的近似解析公式。

Firstly part of quadratic term of Taylor series is chosen; a low-dimension surface is used to approximate limit state surface ; and the modified reliability formula is derived.

首次选取泰勒级数的部分二次项，用一个距原点最近点处拟合的超低维曲面近似极限状态面。

Wang-type fuzzy logic system and its functional approximation ability are researched deeply, A class of Gauss-type fuzzy logic system is presented and studied What it defers from Wang-type fuzzy logic system is its using Gauss fuzzifier The analytical expression of this fuzzy logic system is derived detailed Its universal approximation theorem for nonlinear functions is proved by StoneWeiestrass theorem.

通过对两类模糊系统作为非线性辨识器的仿真研究显示出高斯型模糊逻辑系统在抗数据干扰方面比Wang型模糊系统有优势。对非线性动态系统的辨识问题，借助递归神经网络的研究成果，提出一种基于递归网络结构的自适应模糊逻辑系统和参数学习算法。

Finally a generalized fuzzy hyperbolic model is proposed, which is proven to be a universal approximator, and two identification algorithms are derived.

最后提出一种广义模糊双曲正切模型，并证明了此模型具有全局逼近性。

In the first half of the 18th century, Russian jurists fused the thoughts of jurisprudence derived from idealist apriorism and classical natural law theory of the European Continent, especially of Germany, and the Slav culture and the Orthodox Eastern Church tradition into initial jurisprudence of Russia.

十八世纪上半叶，俄罗斯法学家从欧洲大陆，主要是德国，汲取了先验唯心主义和古典自然法的法哲学思想，并把这种思想与俄国的斯拉夫文化和东正教传统结合起来，形成了俄罗斯早期法哲学。

Enemion is the most primitive genus in this subfamily, from Enemion, other genera were derived through two different parallel phylogenetic sequences. Isopyrum is the typical genus of one evolution branch, while Aquilegia is another one.

假扁果草属是本亚科最原始类群，由该属沿两条不同的进化路线平行演化，一分枝以扁果草属为代表，一分枝以Aquilegia属为代表。

Due to the sensitivity analysis plays an important role in the parameter method, arbitrary order sensitivity formula is derived on basis of an obtained corollary of an implicit function theorem of Several Variables Theory.

由于灵敏度分析是参数型模型修正中的一个重要环节，本文运用多元函数论，得到一个隐函数定理的推论，在此基础上导出了任意阶灵敏度的计算公式。

A traffic network includes a node set and an arc set,which can be derived by the line. Before the line is converted to network, data processing must be done.

交通网络可抽象为节点集和弧段集的集合，其图形基础是线，再通过线派生出网络相应的节点集和弧段集。

According to the isotopic age data of inherited zircons in igneous and metamorphic rocks which occur at the surface and are derived from deep crust of the North China, Yangtze blocks and Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, the paper is mainly reports some new information of Archean rocks and briefly discusses its geological significance.

本文根据华北和扬子陆块及秦岭大别造山带地表和深部出露的各种岩石中发现的继承性锆石的测年数据，报道了太古宙基底和岩浆事件的新信息，并简要地论述其地质意义。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48