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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The results showed that from the measurement of the time ratio of metal contact,the transition of lubrication status can be monitored and the corresponding critical transition velocity can be detected.

根据测得的金属接触时间比率－滑动速度曲线的变化趋势，可以清楚地判断出润滑状态的转化及对应的临界转化速度。

The apparent degradation reaction activity energy of PET and PC are evaluated to be 27. 19kJ. mol〓 and 35. 75kJ. mol〓 in system noncritical region respectively. The mass transfer and scatter, which are the controlling factors of degradation in system noncritical region, change into chemical reaction in system critical region, where the activity energy of PET and PC are evaluated to be 89. 79kJ. mol〓 and 80.61kJ. mol〓 respectively.

在系统的非临界区域，PET、PC的降解为液固相反应，反应速率很低，其降解反应表观活化能分别为为27.19KJ.mol〓和35.75KJ.mol〓，为传质、扩散控制；在系统的临界区域，PET、PC的降解为液态均相反应，降解反应速率显著提高，其降解反应表观活化能分别为89.79KJ.mol〓和80.61KJ.mol〓，为化学反应控制。

The stress-strain curves of Cu-Zn-Al alloys at different temperatures have been plotted on the tensile machine with the aid of electrometry. The main results were as follows: 1. When specimens were deformed within the range of M_s and M_d, the critical stress for inducing martensitic transformation increased with the temperature, and there existed a linear relationship between them. 2. When specimens were deformed above Af, complete pseudoelasticity might be obtained theoretically, which might be damaged, h...

在拉力试验机上用电测法测绘了Cu-Zn-Al合金在马氏体相变点上下各温度的σ-ε曲线，所得主要结果如下：(1)试样在M_s与M_d之间加载，随着温度升高，诱发马氏体相变所需临界应力增大，且加载温度与临界应力之间存在着线性关系；(2)在A_f点以上加载，理论上可获得完全的伪弹性，但加载温度过高或应变量过大，均会损害伪弹性；(3)试样在M_s点上下温度区域变形，得到的伪弹性回复和形状记忆回复之和在80%以上，但在M_s点附近总回复量出现一极小值，且伪弹性回复在M_f点以下又有所回升。

Be in the United States, the person that is engaged in marital family consulting the job basically has 3 kinds: The first kind is traditional male family or gynecologist, they basically discharge Cha Fu wife to whether be put in the disease of physiology respect, if sexual organs is depauperate; The 2nd kind is psychology complementary adviser, basically pass psychological dredge, persuade husband and wife each other care, include, lest contradict become acute; The 3rd kind of ability is real sexual cure division, they face husband and wife to be in directly the " of sexual life respect is disconcerted besides ", offer critical proposal and remedial means.

在美国，从事婚姻家庭咨询工作的人主要有三类：第一类是传统的男科或妇科医生，他们主要排查夫妻是否存在生理方面的疾病，如性器官发育不全；第二类是心理辅导师，主要通过心理疏导，劝说夫妻彼此爱护、包容，以免矛盾激化；第三类才是真正的性治疗师，他们直接面对夫妻在性生活方面的%26ldquo；窘况%26rdquo；，提出中肯的建议和治疗方法。

Firstly, some difficult problems required to be solved,such as the land surface parameters′ calculation and observation over inhomogeneous land surface and development similarity theory which can be applicable to the inhomogeneous land surface. Secondly, studies of the bulk transfer coefficients over humid regions of China must be strengthened. Thirdly, whether or not understanding the landatmosphere interaction process over inhomogeneous and complicated land surface in its entirety, the land surface parameters′ expandedness form local to regional scope is a critical and difficult problem.

在此基础上，探讨了该领域研究中存在的几点科学问题：①需要解决非均匀下垫面地表参数的计算和观测以及发展适用于非均匀下垫面的相似性理论等难题；②对我国湿润地区地表总体输送系数的研究需要加强；③能否对非均匀复杂下垫面陆气相互作用过程进行全面的认识，地表参数由&点&到&面&的推广是关键也是难题。

However, this usefulness of GaN for optoelectronic devices seens to be limited by the fact that the defficulty in obtaining p-type material is to grow crystals by admixing GaP to GaN. As will known, GaP with n- or p-type conductivity can be easily obtained by suitable doping. Thus, it might be possible to get n- and p-type GaP_(1-x)N_x or GaAa_(1-xN_x crystals above some critical P content of the alloy system.

把两种或两种以上材料组合起来实现优异性能材料的方法是一种经常使用并行之有效的方法，本论文就是对GaP、GaAs与GaN形成合金系GaP_(1-x)N_x和GaAs_(1-x)N_x进行基础性研究的结果，人们预测这种合金系的禁带宽度应在磷化镓的2.261eV(或砷化镓的1.43eV)到氮化镓的3.39eV之间，如果能制成上述合金系则是很有意义的，它是很有希望的蓝色发光材料。

Two critical problems have to be resolved before the itemizing of the load effect can be completed, that is,firstly the removal of temporary elements or restraints should be carried out .

为完成新公路桥规的各项检算，需在计算软件中把荷载效应进行分项，把恒载分为自重、预应力的一次力和二次力、收缩徐变效应。

Only with such characteristics, the movement equations can be expressed as matrices, and the idea of transforming the movement equations to the simplest form through a nonlinear transformation can be realized;(2) The form of Zi =Yi + YTH2i Y + Y7H3i Y(2)+ Y(2)T H4i Y(2)+ YTH5i Y(3) is adhibited in the nonlinear transformation, so that the multivalued problem caused by the nonlinear transformation is avoided, and the higher order transformation can be taken next;(3) The fourth order nonlinear transformation matrices H21,H31,H41 and H51 are derived, by which the original movement equations of electric power system is transformed to Jodan form in Z space;(4) By use of the fourth order nonlinear transformation, the approximate expression of the stability boundary is obtained, in Z space it is Z1= 0,in Y space it is Y1 + YTH21 Y + YTH31 Y(2)-i- Y(2) TH41 Y(2)+YTH51 Y(3)= 0;(5) The criterion used in this paper to judge whether the system critical unstable is simple and quick;(6) The method used in this paper is a direct method, and no need to construct an energy function.

正是由 于电力系统的运动方程具有这样的特性，才能写成矩阵的形式，通过非线性变换将电力系统的运动方程变换为最简单的线性形式的思想才能得以实现；（2）将通常运用于电力系统暂态稳定性分析的Normal Form变换的形式由 Yi＝ Zi＋ ZTh2riZ变形为 Zi＝ Yi＋YTH2iY＋YTH3iY（2）＋Y（2）TH4iY（2）＋YTH5iY（3），从而使得在对持续故障轨线实施同样的非线性变换以确定临界切除时间时，避免了非线性变换带来的多值性的问题，而只有在没有多值性问题的困扰下，才能采用较高阶的变换：（3）推导出了将原始电力系统系统的运动方程变换到Z空间的约当形式的非线性变换矩阵H21、H31、H41、HS1：（4）在运用四阶了「线性变换的情况下，给出了受扰动后系统的稳定边界的近似的解析表达，在Z空间为Z1=0，在y空间为： Y1+YTH21Y+YTH31Y(2)+Y(2)TH41Y(2)+YTH51Y(3)=0 （5）确定临界失稳的判据简单、快捷：对于一个复杂的电力系统，其稳定边界是相当复杂的一个高维曲面，即便是已知系统稳定边界的解析表达，要求出系统持续故障轨线何时与这一高维曲面相交，在数学上几乎是不可能实现的。

It is reported the 3rd times flood peak passes the Yangtse River yesterday when Wuhan, levee burst, after many struggle but breach still was not stemmed, soon the life of 3 towns people mixes Wuhan belongings on the verge of death or destruction, suddenly one person is prevented to Wuhan always offer to solve method, be prevented by Wuhan after always adopt, immediately Wuhan prevents Wu of total Xiang Qi to be born, wang Jun gives birth to 2 people to send a telegram to say condition of Wuhan prevent or control flood is critical be badly in need of two super large straw bag, show look whole nation only you 2 people are the rightest, long for urgently Chinese photograph of your kind effort is aided.

导读：据悉昨日长江第三次洪峰通过武汉时，大堤决口，几经奋斗但缺口依然没有被堵住，眼看武汉三镇人民的生命和财产危在旦夕，忽有一人向武汉防总提议解决办法，后被武据悉昨日长江第三次洪峰通过武汉时，大堤决口，几经奋斗但缺口依然没有被堵住，眼看武汉三镇人民的生命和财产危在旦夕，忽有一人向武汉防总提议解决办法，后被武汉防总采纳，随即武汉防总向戚务生，王俊生二人发电报称武汉防洪形势危急急需两个超级大草包，现举目全国唯你二人最合适，急盼到汉鼎力相助。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。