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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

Four kinds algorithms are proposed for STPR according to the needs of practice, their propertied are:①the feedfoward network with local feedback has feedback mechanism, it can be applied to identify process with dynamics outputs and static outputs, it can deal with complex process.

2提出四种识别STPR问题的新算法①带有局部反馈环节的前向网络具有局部隐层反馈环节，可同时考虑具有动态输出与静态输出的实际系统的辨识。网络适宜于处理复杂实际过程。

Lost foam process is one of the most advanced casting crafts, and it can be applied in different materials, sizes castings such as steel ,iron, aluminum castings.High-quality of casting with precise size and smooth-faced; no special requirement for material; reduced trimming work and mechanical processing; Fewer inner flaws, and more compact structure.Environmental-protecting. Working conditions could be improved greatly; at the same time reduced labor intensity and decreased energy consuming could also be achieved.

消失模铸造工艺充分汇集了实型、法铸造工艺的优点为一体适应于钢、铁、铝等各种牌号各种材质不同结构的大、中、小型各类铸件利用干砂固型复制原型原样铸件几何尺寸的精密度高无飞边、毛刺、冷隔均匀一致表面光洁度接近精密铸造铸件内部结构稳定排除了砂眼、气空、缩松等铸造缺陷该工艺充分利用了环保理念且投资少整个生产过程没有污染。

Thus this method could be applied to monitor the process of producing dinitrogen pentoxide by electrochemical oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide in nitric acid. The results from the two-step titration method of redox titration combined with acidity titration were well consistent with that from the method of redox titration combined with NMR.

氧化还原和酸度两步滴定与氧化还原滴定结合核磁共振光谱法的分析结果表明，两种方法的分析结果吻合良好，精确度良好，两种方法都可用于N_2O_4-N_2O_5-HNO_3体系各组分的全浓度分析。

Using silicon and metallic iron,α-Si_3N_4 olivary microparticles with a diameter of about 300～500 nm have been obtained at 650℃.When silicon and metallic aluminium were used to react with ammonium chloride,α-Si_3N_4 nanowire bundles with diameter of about 8 nm can be also obtained at 600℃.Since all of the starting materials used are relatively cheap,the methods will have potential prospect in industrial application.3.Graphite-like carbon nitride nanowire bundles with diameters of 200-500 nm were synthesized from the solid state thermolysis of melamine at relatively low temperature(400℃).

相关研究工作的成果发表在International journal of applied ceramicstechnology.2、以廉价的硅铁合金和氯化铵为原料，在600℃合成了α相的氮化硅纳米线束，单根纳米线直径8 nm，长达800 nm，考察了反应温度和反应时间对产物纯度和形貌的影响；以硅粉和铁粉为原料合成了纯度良好，直径为150～500 nm的α-Si_3N_4亚微粒子；以硅粉和铝粉为原料在400-600℃合成了直径为10 nm左右的α相氮化硅纳米线束。

There has been communication with the center that makes a company to online station every day recently, the station of themselves company (Www.ttwebsite.cn), colour advocate used on tone virescent, give a person a kind of beautiful and easy sense, optimize while the website is made go up to also make great efforts sufficient, what the website makes this word be applied in integral layout is proper, what the picture uses is less, the website is given priority to with literal sex, complete station can generate the each respect element such as page of HTML static state to permeate all sorts of concepts of SEO, optimize further according to company business characteristic and actual condition on this foundation, will achieve the result of get twice the result with half the effort!

最近和天天向上网站制作公司的站长有过交流，他们自己公司的站(www.ttwebsite.cn)，色彩主调上采用了淡绿色，给人一种美观大方的感觉，在网站制作的同时优化上也下足了功夫，网站制作这个词在整体布局运用的恰到好处，图片使用的较少，网站以文字性为主，全站可生成HTML静态页面等各方面因素都渗透了SEO的各种理念，在此基础上根据公司业务特色与实际情况进一步优化，将会达到事半功倍的效果！

Finally, a practical seismic analysis method is presented. Through a reasonable assumed distribution of lateral forces, the capacity curve can be derived from the story shear-displacement curves. And by using equations suggested by ATC-40, the corresponding capacity spectrum, period, damping ratio and PGA can also be obtained. This method can provide not only collapse PGA of a low-rise RC building structure, but also damage conditions of members at a specific PGA. Combining with the deterioration rule for RC column after multiple earthquakes, it can also be applied to seismic analysis for after-earthquake or aged buildings.

最后则提出一套适用於中低层RC建筑结构之实用耐震诊断法，依照合理假设之地震力竖向分配型态及ATC-40建议公式，可再将层剪力-层间变位曲线换算为基底剪力-屋顶位移能力曲线，并计算对应之等效周期、阻尼比与PGA，除可评估结构整体之崩塌地表加速度外，也可由特定PGA反推对应的构件破坏程度，亦可配合震后折损修正，应用於结构之震后与经年耐震评估。

Compared with the soil water content,it will be much more scientific to use the soil water potential as the lowest limit index of crop non-sufficient irrigation and be easier to be applied and extended.

农田非充分灌溉中，习惯将土壤含水率作为控制灌溉的指标，但实质上，用土壤含水率作为控制指标是有缺陷的。

Three general methods are available for producing cloth with improved flammability:(1)flamce retardant chemical finises may be applied to the surface of cloth,(2)they may be added to the polymer at some step in the synthesis process prior to extrusion of the polymer into fibers, or (3) inherently flame resistant fibers may be developed and converted into cloth.

目前有一种改变织物可燃性的方法。（1）通常化学整理将阻燃剂涂到织物表面上。（2）将阻燃剂在喷丝之前的某一合成工序添加到聚合物中，或（3）开发自身具有阻燃性的纤维，然后制成织物。

Product formation lined face, smooth and strong, with the traditional steel lined with plastic, steel-lined glass, compared with a good corrosion resistance, wear-resistant, long life etc. It is ideal for shipments of liquid corrosion products, can also be applied to 90 ℃ below the low-pressure tanks, vacuum tanks, reaction vessel, such as exchange column.

产品内衬面平整、光滑、坚固，与传统的钢衬塑、钢衬玻璃相比，具有良好的耐腐蚀、耐磨损、寿命长等优点，是装运腐蚀液体的理想产品，亦可应用于90℃以下的低压罐、真空罐、反应釜、交换柱等。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。