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According to the different levels of legal reasoning, Defeasible reasoning can be divided into three faces: inference-based defeasibility; process-based defeasibility; theory-based defeasibility.

可辩驳推理对法律方法、法律论证与民主法治等重大的法律理论问题都产生了深远的影响。

Based on the concept of life cycle from planning, design, construction and management of service phase to demolishment and recycling of materials and components, a comprehensive approach focusing on design methodology and methods of life-cycle based bridge design is developed in the dissertation, in which the general framework, procedure and corresponding design methods etc., for life-cycle based bridge design are included.

本文基于全寿命的思想，对桥梁从规划、设计、施工、使用、养护与维修以及拆除和材料、构件回收再利用的整个生命周期进行了基于全寿命的桥梁设计理论与方法进行了系统研究，建立了基于全寿命的桥梁设计总体框架、流程，并得到了各个设计过程相应的设计方法。

The result indicates that the reconstruction based on differentiable basis function is better than that based on non-differentiable basis function and the reconstructions based on different differentiable basis function is approximately the same.

结果表明，对于少数投影计算机层析重建，采用连续可导的局部基函数展开比采用非连续可导的脉冲基函数展开具有更高的重建精度。

Among used machine learning methods, the gradient descent method is widely used to train various classifiers, such as Back-propagation neural network and linear text classifier. However, the gradient descent method is easily trapped into a local minimum and slowly converges. Thus, this study presents a gradient forecasting search method based on prediction methods to enhance the performance of the gradient descent method in order to develop a more efficient and precise machine learning method for Web mining.However, a prediction method with few sample data items and precise forecasting ability is a key issue to the gradient forecasting search method. Applying statistic-based prediction methods to implement GFSM is unsuitable because they require a large number of data items to model a prediction model. In the contrast with statistic-based prediction methods, GM(1,1) grey prediction model does not need a large number of data items to build a prediction model, and it has low computational load. However, the original GM(1,1) grey prediction model uses a mathematical hypothesis and approximation to transform a continuous differential equation into a discrete difference equation in order to model a forecasting model.

其中梯度法是一个最常被使用来实现机器学习的方法之一，然而梯度法具有学习速度慢以及容易陷入局部最佳解的缺点，因此，本研究提出一个梯度预测搜寻法则(gradient forecasting search method， GFSM)来改善传统梯度法的缺点，用来提升一些以梯度学习法则为基础的分类器在资讯探勘上的效率与正确性；而一个所需资料量少、计算复杂度低且精确的预测模型是梯度预测搜寻法能否有效进行最佳解搜寻之关键因素，传统统计为基础之预测方法的缺点是需要较大量的数据进行预测，因此计算复杂度高，灰色预测模型具有建模资料少且计算复杂度低等优点，然而灰色预测理论以连续之微分方程式为基础，并且透过一些数学上的假设与近似，将连续之微分方程式转换成离散之差分方程式来对离散型资料进行建模及预测，这样的作法不尽合理，且缺乏数学理论上的完备性，因为在转换过程中已经造成建模上的误差，且建模过程仅考虑相邻的两个资料点关系，无法正确反应数列未来的变化趋势。

The static model describes the relationship among user, permission and role and imports integrated inheritance to actualize the relationship between local role and global role. The dynamic model completes access control by session diffluence based on the static model. The actualization for the model is researched based on the analysis of the content and the rule of the model. A self-adapted RBAC wrapper based on agent model is presented according to the heterogeneous databases'demand for wrapper.

该模型比较全面地解决异构数据库系统的局部数据对象和全局数据对象的综合访问控制。I-RBAC模型包括静态模型和动态模型两个部分，静态模型主要描述用户、权限、角色（特别是全局角色与局部角色）之间的关系，动态模型是在静态模型中角色层次关系的基础上通过会话分流实现动态的访问控制。

The validities of amplitude features and their extraction method suitable in high-frequency SAR image are analyzed when they are used in UWB SAR image. An extraction approach of amplitude feature based on target contour is presented, and the corresponding effective amplitude features are proposed. The old dihedral angle model is analyzed and improved. The approach of azimuthal feature extraction is proposed based on the conclusion of the improved dihedral angle model. The problems, which appear when the common change detection methods are used to extract the change feature based on ROI, are analyzed. And a robust and feasible extraction approach is presented.

分析了适于高频SAR图像的幅度特征及其提取方法用于UWB SAR图像时的有效性，提出了基于目标轮廓的幅度特征提取方法及相应的适用幅度特征；分析了已有二面角模型在建模过程中存在的问题并进行了改进建模，基于改进二面角模型结论提出了方位向特征提取方法；分析了常用变化检测方法用于提取ROI变化特征时存在的问题，提出了一种稳健可行的变化特征提取方法。

In the direction of supervisor's trust to subordinates, availability can explain the most part of variance of calculation-based trust, discreetness can explain the most part of variance of knowledge-based trust and affection can explain the most part of variance of guanxi-based trust.

关系型信任与"关系"和情感两个要素显著相关。2在不同人际关系方向上，三类信任具有不同的特色。

Face detection system A new design of face detection system is proposed based upon color-based skin-like region segmentation and neural network-based face distinguishment.

人脸检测系统在对基于颜色的皮肤区域分割和基于神经网络的人脸判别方法进行研究的基础上，本文提出一种新的人脸检测系统设计。

The main contents in this thesis include the following three aspects: the study of reference circuit model based on sub-threshold MOSFETs, the design of reference circuit based on MOSFETs operating in sub-threshold region and the correction of process divagation for reference circuit based on sub-threshold MOSFETs, respectively.

本论文的研究工作主要是包括三个方面的内容，即亚阈值MOSFET基准电路模型的研究、亚阈值MOSFET基准电路的设计和亚阈值MOSFET基准电路的误差修正。

The accelerated algorithm of volume rendering based on textures mapping and the wavelet-based multiresolution volume rendering in network are performed by using OpenGL 3D visualization technique. From the point of view of computer graphics, 3D visualization mechanism of volume rendering based on OpenGL textures mapping is studied, including modelview transformation, projection transformation, perspective division, viewport transformation and the ways to embed textures mapping and blending in above four transformations.

利用OpenGL三维可视化技术实现了本文所提出的基于纹理映射的体绘制加速算法和网络环境下基于小波的体数据的多分辨率体绘制，并从计算机图形学的角度，研究了基于OpenGL纹理映射技术的体绘制的三维可视化流程，包括OpenGL的模视变换、投影变换、透视除法、视区变换，以及纹理的定义、映射与融合等步骤在上述四个变换中的嵌入方法。

It is mainly because of the unorganized state of the Chinese masses that Japan dares to bully us.

日本敢于欺负我们，主要的原因在于中国民众的无组织状态。

The tailstock spindle is also locked in a similar manner.

尾架主轴也锁定在一个类似的方式。