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In order to overcome the technological difficulties encountered in the course of insulation fault diagnosis on the base of dissolved gases analysis, several kinds of mathematic models and actualized methods are brought forward to improve the reliability and veracity of fault diagnosis of transformers. The research works are shown mainly as followings:1 A modified fuzzy multi-criteria method is brought forward for insulation fault diagnosis of transformer. Furthermore, a new method for insulation fault diagnosis is proposed on the base of fuzzy multi-criteria together with rule reasoning. With fuzzy diagnosis in the method, fault reasons are filtrated and then the reasons in low probability are prohibited, Moreover, the left reasons are testified by using rule reasoning and then final concludes are drawn in much less misjudge probability and better results.2 On the base of geometry characteristics of C- partition to sample set of DGA data of transformer, a method is put forward to compute effective radius of neighbor field of a sample, number of clusters and values of initial centers. Moreover, the fuzzy C- means cluster model with adaptive weight is brought forward in the first time and then the fault classifier is designed for insulation fault diagnosis of transformer.3 According to the weakness of the degree of gray of gray incidence, a new formula to compute DGI is put forward and then incidence order criterion is ascertained. Moreover, a new DGI model for fault diagnosis is proposed according to the further analysis to relationship between fault reason and content of oil dissolved gases of transformer.

为解决在应用油中溶解气体分析方法（Dissolved Gases Analysis，简称DGA）诊断变压器内部绝缘故障时所遇到的主要技术难题，论文提出了用于提高变压器故障诊断准确性和可靠性的数学模型及实现方法，主要研究工作如下：1）提出了一种改进的变压器绝缘故障诊断模糊综合评判方法；进一步提出了将模糊综合诊断与规则推理相结合进行绝缘故障诊断的方法，该方法采用模糊推理对故障原因进行"过滤"，滤掉可能性极小的原因，然后进一步利用规则推理验证剩下的可能原因，得出最终结论，大大减少了误判比率，获得了较好的效果。2）根据以变压器DGA数据为特征量的样本空间的c-划分几何特性出发，提出了一种求取样本有效邻域半径和聚类数及聚类中心初值的方法，在此基础上，首次提出了一种自适应加权的变压器绝缘故障诊断的模糊c-均值聚类模型，并设计出故障分类器。3）针对常用灰色关联度的不足，提出了一新的灰色关联度计算公式及确定关联序的准则；并在此基础上，通过深入分析变压器发生绝缘故障时的原因与油中溶解特征气体含量的关系，建立了一种新的故障诊断灰色关联模型；通过实例分析证明，该方法能有效地诊断出变压器绝缘故障及故障部位，大大提高了诊断的准确性。

Stamens 4, inserted on corolla tube or at base, alternate with petals; filaments filiform or base dilated, free or basally united or adnate to corolla base; anthers ovoid, dorsifixed, 2-locular, back-to-back; connectives often in an apical mucro, dehiscing longitudinally.

雄蕊4，着生于花冠筒或在基部，与花瓣互生；花丝丝状或者基部膨大，离生或基部合生，或与花冠基部贴生；花药卵球形，背着，2室，背靠背；药隔通常在顶端有短尖头，纵向开裂。

An upper base (1) of the reaction device is coaxially arranged into a water cooling sleeve (2); the connection of the upper base and the water cooling sleeve is welded and sealed to form a water cooling chamber; an anode current collecting Pt net (12) is used for collecting current from the anode of a button-typed solid oxide fuel battery (16); two ends of an anode current collecting Pt wire (15) are respectively used as an reference electrode and a testing electrode; the temperature measuring point of a temperature measuring thermal-couple (17) and the button-typed solid oxide fuel battery (16) keep in the same height; the bottom of an anode chamber pipe (6) is inserted into the upper hole of a lower base (43); the lower surface of a quartz sand sintering plate (42) is provided with a carbon fuel thermal-couple (56); all pipes and sealing heads (46) are hermetically connected with each other.

该反应装置上底座(1)同轴放入上水冷套(2)中并对连接处焊接密封形成水冷腔体；阳极集流铂网(12)用于从纽扣式固体氧化物燃料电池(16)阳极上收集电流，阳极集流铂丝(15)两头分别用作参比电极和测试电极；测温热电偶(17)测温点与纽扣固体氧化物燃料电池(16)保持同一高度；阳极腔体管(6)底部插入下底座(43)上部孔中；石英砂烧结板(42)下面布置碳燃料热电偶(56)；所有管件与封头(46)连接密封。

On this basis, according to historical data, apply ANN and differential simulation method to get the quantitatively correlative relations between each production and its own influence factors, and introduce the new methods of prediction for dynamic indexes with gas-field development (The combinatorial prediction method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the method of ANN to select optimally combinatorial prediction models and the ANN prediction method based on genetic algorithm).(2) Base on mathematical programming, combine with quantitative economics and techno-economics, introduce economical indexes to establish production"s distribution optimal model, production"s constitution optimal model and measured production"s constitution optimal model, including multi-objective models and five-years models. Upon this, the optimal project for all gas field and each gas-collected factory can be got. Also, introduce the time value of capitals to improve on these models.(3) Base on the optimal solution theory and algorithm theory for the nonlinear programming problem, introduce the SUMT algorithm and genetic algorithm to study how to solve the models, and on the basis of normal genetic algorithm, make use of auto-adaptively modulating method to improve on normal genetic algorithm; Base on algorithm"s convergence theory and calculation"s complexity theory to analyze seriatim SUMT algorithm"s convergence and genetic algorithms convergence, and compare performance with each other.

在此基础上，利用神经网络方法和微分模拟方法根据历史数据得到各分项产量与其影响因素之间的定量关联关系，并引入气田开发动态指标新的预测方法(基于模糊综合评判的组合预测方法、神经网络优选组合预测模型预测方法以及基于遗传优化的神经网络预测方法)；(2)以数学规划为基础，结合数量经济学和技术经济学，引入经济指标建立产量分配优化模型、产量构成优化模型、措施产量构成优化模型、气田开发多目标规划模型以及五年规划模型，进而获得全气田及各采气厂的最优方案，并引入资金时间价值对五年规划模型进行改进；(3)以非线性规划问题的最优解及算法理论为基础，引入SUMT算法以及遗传算法对模型的求解进行研究，并在原有的遗传算法基础上，引入自适应调整方法对遗传算法进行改进；以算法的收敛性理论和计算复杂性理论为基础，逐一分析SUMT算法以及遗传算法的收敛性，并比较三种算法的优劣性。

Stamens 8; filaments free or 2-4 adherent at base of ovary, other 4-6 adherent at base of petals,± slightly inflated, pubescent; anthers introrse, usually piliferous at base.

雄蕊8；花丝离生或2-4附着子房基部，花瓣，多少稍膨大，短柔毛的其他4-6附着的在基部；花药向内，通常在基部。

Leaves toward base of stem: petiole ca. 0.8-1.3 cm, tomentose, prophyll up to 1/2 as long as petiole; leaf blade ovate or narrowly ovate, 10-18 × 5-10 cm, papery, glabrous to abaxially tomentose, adaxially pilose along veins, base cordate, oblique, apex acute or acute-acuminate; veins 9, apical pair arising 1-3 cm above base, others basal; reticulate veins conspicuous.

约的对于scircapetiole的基部的叶0.8-1.3厘米，被绒毛，先出叶可达1/2的倍于叶柄；叶片卵形或狭卵形， 10-18 * 5-10 厘米，纸质，无毛到背面的被绒毛，正面具柔毛的沿脉，基部心形，偏斜，先端锐尖的或锐尖尖；脉9，出现的顶端的对超过基部1-3厘米，其它人基部；网脉明显穗状花序对生。

Drupe obliquely ovoid to oblong-ovoid, compressed, 3–4.3 × 2–3 cm, densely pubescent, base mostly subtruncate, apex pointed to somewhat obtuse; mesocarp thin, splitting at maturity; endocarp yellowish white to brown, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid, or shortly oblong, asymmetric on both sides, 2.5–3(–4) cm, hard to fragile, ventral suture curved and ± acutely keeled, dorsal suture generally straight, surface smooth and pitted with or without shallow furrows, base obliquely truncate to orbicular-truncate. Seed sweet or bitter.

花柱长于雄蕊核果的斜卵球形到长圆形卵球形，压扁， 3-4.3 * 2-3 厘米，密被短柔毛，多数基于，顶指向稍钝；中果皮薄，成熟时劈开；内果皮淡黄白色的到棕色，卵圆形，宽椭圆形或者不久长方形，不对称的两面， 2.5-3(-4)厘米，对脆，腹面缝硬弄弯和尖锐龙骨状的多少，种子甜的或难以接受。

All I had to do was remove the cone base plate (as seen with in the triple picture) with a flat base plate and change the spring from a 2.00" stroke to a 2.25".

只要将圆锥形盘从平底盘上移开，将弹簧从2.00吋避震行程调整到2.25吋。

Leaves with petiole 20-45 cm, axis striate, petioles inflated at base; leaflets (2 or)3-5-jugate; petiolules 8-10 mm; blades dull when dry, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 10-25 × 2.5-7.5 cm, papery or thinly leathery, glabrous, reticulate veins visible, slightly prominent, lateral veins 10-15 pairs, slightly curved, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate, mucronate.

叶柄20-45厘米，轴具条纹，叶柄膨大在基部；小叶(2或者)3-5成对；小叶柄8-10毫米；叶片干燥时使黯淡的，披针形或长圆形披针形到长圆形， 10-25 * 2.5-7.5 厘米，纸质或薄革质，无毛，可见的网脉，稍突出的，侧脉10-15对，稍弯曲，基部宽楔形到近圆形，先端渐尖或短渐尖，短尖。

The main products are SF-1 (as the base plate of the middle sintering Copper Balls powder, surface modified PTFE); SF-2 (plate as the base of the middle sintering Copper Balls powder, surface modified POM); JDB (For brass, bronze, iron-based body, inlaid solid lubricant); dual-metal (steel as the base for the various models of the surface of copper); production of various enterprises have also filled with PTFE, the curve of bearings, bearing powder metallurgy, by Chun-for the Pistons, Piston Ring, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene ring, ring.

主要产品有SF-1（钢板为基体中间烧结铜球粉，表面为改性聚四氟乙烯）；SF-2(钢板为基体中间烧结铜球粉，表面为改性聚甲醛)；JDB（为黄铜、锡青铜、铸铁为基体，镶嵌固体润滑剂）；双金属（钢板为基体表面为各种型号铜）；企业还生产各种填充四氟带、曲线轴承、粉末冶金轴承、减震器活塞、活塞环、四氟乙烯密封圈、环。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。