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For a long-term stable Exchange Rate of RMB, the Commercial Banks are not only lack of a full understanding of Exchange Rate risk but are also lack of the essential experiences and skills to manage the Exchange Rate risk. Exchange Rate System reform makes domestic Commercial Banks face a great challenge of Exchange Rate risk. Adapting RMB Exchange Rate reform and managing Exchange Rate risk are the subjects that the domestic commercial banks must face.

长期稳定的人民币汇率使商业银行对汇率风险既缺少足够的了解和重视，也缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能，汇率制度改革使我国商业银行开始真正面临汇率风险的考验，尽快适应人民币汇率制度改革，应对汇率风险是我国商业银行面临的重要课题。

Recently, to push the reform of the joint stock system in national commercial banks, the government has helped the national commercial banks to shake off a large amount of ill loans with different policies. However, the national commercial banks still face the pressure due to the increase in both the absolute magnitude and the ratio of the ill loan.

近年来，国家为推进国有商业银行的股份制改革，通过政策帮助国有商业银行剥离了大量的不良货款，但各家国有商业银行还是面临不良货款绝对额和不良货款率双上升的压力。

Guide commercial banks to effectively identify, measure, monitor and control credit risk in real estate, in August 2003 we began drafting the "Guide", on the first draft of the scope for small and the relevant professional institutions and commercial banks advisory opinion, the revised and listen to the real estate lending representative of the Banking Board and various areas of commercial banks, real estate companies and the Hong Kong region of the real estate lending risk control practice some more prominent banking institutions.

为引导商业银行有效识别、衡量、监测和控制房地产贷款风险，我们于2003年8月着手起草了《指引》，并就初稿小范围征求了相关专业咨询机构和商业银行的意见，修改后，又广泛听取在房地产贷款方面有代表性地区的银监局以及各类商业银行、部分房地产公司以及香港地区房地产贷款风险管控方面做法较突出的某些银行机构的意见。

In Alma it states,"Yea, he had been strengthening the armies of the Nephites, and erecting small forts, or places of resort: throwing up banks of earth round about to enclose his armies…the Nephites were taught…never to raise the sword except it were against an enemy… they had cast up dirtround to shield them from the arrows…the chief captains of the Lamanites were astonished exceedingly, because of the wisdom of the Nephites in preparing their places of security…they knew not that Moroni had fortified, or had built forts of security in all the land roundabout …the Lamanites could not get into their forts of security…because of the highness of the bank which had been thrown up, and the depth of the ditch which had been dug round about…they began to dig down their banks of earth…that they might have an equalchance to fight…instead of filling up their ditches by pulling down banks of earth, they were filled up in a measure with their dead…And caused them to erect fortifications that they should commence laboring in digging a ditch round about the land…And he caused that they should build a breastwork of timbers upon the inner bank of the ditch: and they did cast up dirt out of the ditch against the breastwork of timbers".

在阿尔玛书说：『他加强了尼腓人的军队，建造了小型堡垒，或凭藉处所；在周围筑起了堤岸来拱卫他的军队……尼腓人已被教导……除非抵抗敌人，决不举起剑来……他们在周围堆上了污泥来防避拉曼人的箭……这时拉曼人的总队长们非常的吃惊，由於尼腓人在准备他们的安全处所上所表现的智慧……因为他们不知摩罗乃已在周围各地的每一个城巿建筑了防御工事，或防御堡垒……拉曼人除了经由入囗处外，无法进入他们的防御堡垒，因为那土岸已堆得很高，那周围的壕沟已掘得很深……他们就开始去掘他们的土岸，使他们也能得到一条通往他们军队的小路，使他们能有一个均等的作战机会……非但没有推倒土岸来垫没他们的壕沟，反而将他们死者和伤者的身体垫进了不少……并吩咐他们建筑防御工事……他吩咐他们在濠沟的内堤上建造一道木头的胸墙；他们从濠沟中挖出污泥来，靠著木头胸墙堆起来

At the initial stage and some extent of development, venture capital investors recommend small enterprises to banks by their strength and credit, introduce banks' services and capital to change imbalanced structure of banks' loan. At the same time, it can make venture capital have the biggest leverage effect.

在小企业发展初期和发展到一定程度后，利用风险投资自身的实力和信用，向银行推荐小企业，引入银行的服务和信贷资金，改善银行信贷结构失衡问题，同时也可以使风险投资得到最大的杠杆效应。

As China's accession to the WTO and financial globalization, foreign-funded banks and emerging joint-stock banks with their effective incentive mechanism have snatched a large number of outstanding financial talents from China's four major state-owned commercial banks. The unprogressive incentive mechanisms of state-owned commercial banks have constrained to its deepening reform and development.

在我国加入WTO、金融全球化的形势下，外资银行和新兴股份制银行凭借其有效的激励机制大量抢夺我国四大国有商业银行的优秀金融人才，国有商业银行落后的激励约束机制已成为制约其深化改革和向前发展的瓶颈。

In order to further regulate banks' commission insurance business, prevent commercial briberies, keep away financial risks, promote banks' insurance business to develop in a sustainable and healthy way, we hereby give out notice as follows in accordance with the "Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China", the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks" and other relevant laws and regulations regarding the relevant requirements on further regulating banks' commission insurance business

为进一步规范银行代理保险业务，防止商业贿赂，防范金融风险，促进银行保险业务持续、健康发展，根据《中华人民共和国保险法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等有关法律法规，现将进一步规范银行代理保险业务的有关要求通知如下

Reefs, reef-mounds and lime mud mounds are all carbonate buildups, and the reefs and banks are important targets for petroleum exploration The reefs, banks and mounds should be divided from each other not only in theory, but also in exploration practice, because of so many differences in sedimentary compositions, fabrics, environments, distribution in time and space, and the characteristics of petroleum geology If the original reef or bank itself was fine reservoir rocks, then it would become a better reservoir after the reservoirconstructive diagenesis The formation of a high quality carbonate reservoir is controlled by two factors: the sedimentary microfacies and the reservoirconstructive diagenesis The first is the basis for the formation of a high quality reservoir, and with the high energy reefbank facies as the best; the latter includes the cataclasis, the dolomitization and the karstification The dolomitization and karstification are the best for the formation of a high quality reservoir The karstification has the widest distribution, profoundest effect, and plays a vital role in the high quality reservoir forming The karst types are quite rich in the limestone reef or bank reservoir, including synsedimentary karst, penesedimentary karst, supergene karst and hydrothermal karst, and so does the dolomitization reef or bank reservoir The formation mechanism of synsedimentary karst and penesedimentary karst is related to the short time exposing and leaching of the cyclical highfrequency shallowupward sequence when the reefs or banks are forming The supergene karst is controlled by the exposing and leaching of tertiary cyclic sequence type I interface after the reefs or banks forming Thus, there developed a great deal of secondary corrosion pores, corrosion fractures and huge caves besides some original pores remained in the reef and bank reservoir Scarcely there are any original effective pores in reefmounds and lime mud mounds, especially in senkes among mounds, but secondary pores could be formed by karstification, and there would likely develop source rocks with high organic abundance

礁、礁丘、丘同属碳酸盐建隆，礁、滩是重要勘探目的层。但各自在沉积组分、组构、环境和时空分布，以及油气地质条件上迥然不同，因而无论从理论还是勘探实践上，都有必要将其各成体系划分开来。礁滩自身为好储集岩，当建设性成岩作用叠加后可形成好的储层。碳酸盐岩优质储层形成，主要受沉积微相与建设性成岩作用两大因素控制。前者是基础，并以高能的礁滩相带为最好；后者主要包括破裂、白云石化和溶蚀三大类，并以白云石化或溶蚀为最优，其中的溶蚀分布最广泛、影响最深刻而对优质储层形成起决定性作用。礁滩储层中的古岩溶类型最为丰富多彩，包括同生期、准同生期、表生期和埋藏期热流体岩溶的所有类型，白云岩化礁滩体也不例外。其中，同生准同生期岩溶的形成机制与礁滩沉积时高频层序旋回向上变浅序列的短暂暴露淋溶有关，表生期岩溶则受控于礁滩沉积后三级层序旋回Ⅰ型界面的暴露淋溶。由此，导致礁滩储层中除了可以也是唯一保存原生孔隙外，还发育了次生溶蚀孔洞缝和大型溶洞。礁丘、灰泥丘尤其是丘间洼地中发育高有机质丰度烃源岩；它们自身没有有效的原生孔隙，但岩溶作用可以形成次生孔隙。

According to the enterprise competitiveness and commercial banks, the thesis brings forward the define of the competitiveness of commercial banks, and analyzes the theory and the inscape of the competitiveness of commercial banks. The third part introduces Input-Output analysis theory of commercial banks, including how to fill in the Input-Output chart, and create the Input-Output mathematical model according to the chart.

根据企业竞争力和商业银行的概念，提出商业银行竞争力的定义，并分析了商业银行竞争力的理论依据和构成要素。

With the financial supervision departments to strengthen supervision of commercial banks and commercial banks to the deepening of its reform, China's commercial banks to gradually improve the internal control, or commercial banks, however some problems, such as the internal control system it is difficult to adapt to business development; Weak internal audit; Perfect risk control system; Loans "Richard III" in the implementation of the system to be further strengthened and so on.

随着金融监管部门对商业银行监管的强化以及商业银行自身改革的深入，我国商业银行内部控制逐渐完善，然而我国商业银行还是存在的一些问题，如内部控制制度难以适应业务的发展；内部审计乏力；风险控制系统不完善；贷款&三查&制度在执行上有待进一步加强等等。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。