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Finite element model of light-weight steel-concrete composite beams are built up. This element model combines spring element with traditional beam element to form a composite beam element which consists of steel, concrete and springs. The three parts has compatibility of deformation.

2建立了轻钢-混凝土组合梁的非线性有限元分析模型，该模型由传统的梁单元中加入弹簧单元，由钢梁部分、混凝土部分和弹簧三部分在变形协调的基础上组成一个复合梁单元。

In this paper, the space-time finite element theory and its application technologies are studied and discussed. Furthermore the space-time finite element method is used to analyze the transient characteristics of electromagnetism equipments. The work is important to develop the numerical method for the transient electromagnetic field. The detailed work is as follow.In the basis theory of finite element method used in the transient engineering problem, the functional theory and the finite element theory are applied to studied the existence condition of a generalized variation principle, which is the basis of the space-time finite element method.

本文在完善时空有限元法的基础理论和应用技术并将该方法应用于解决电磁装置的瞬态过程分析等相关方面进行了深入的研究与探讨，该工作对于发展瞬变电磁场问题的数值计算方法具有重要的意义，为此进行了如下几方面的工作：在工程瞬变问题的有限元方法的基础理论方面，本文应用泛函理论和有限元理论，系统讨论了一般工程瞬变问题的变分定理的存在条件及对应的变分定理。

A method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters and/or glycerin comprising a step of bringing a fat or oil into contact with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of the following to: a metal oxide having an ilmenite structure and/or a slyrankite structure; an oxide containing a metallic element belonging to the Group 12 and a metallic element belonging to the Group 4; a mixed oxide containing a metallic element belonging to the Group 12 and a tetravalent transition metallic element; a metal oxide containing zirconium and at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of metallic elements belonging to the Groups 4, 5 and 8; and a metal oxide containing anatase type titanium oxide and/or rutile type titanium oxide, and the metal oxide containing a sulfur component of 700 ppm or less.

脂肪酸烷基酯和/或甘油的制造方法包括在催化剂的存在下使脂肪或油与醇接触的步骤，其中，所述催化剂是选自由下列～所组成的组中的至少一种催化剂：具有钛铁矿结构和/或斯里兰卡石结构的金属氧化物；含有属于第12族的金属元素和属于第4族的金属元素的氧化物；含有属于第12族的金属元素和四价过渡金属元素的混合氧化物；含有锆和选自由属于第4、5和8族的金属元素所组成的组中的至少一种金属元素的金属氧化物；和含有锐钛矿型氧化钛和/或金红石型氧化钛的金属氧化物，并且所述金属氧化物含有的硫成分为700ppm以下。

An optimum design for the complex body formed together with the volute casing, base ring and cement foundation of a hydraulic turbine is made by the gradient method and a program is developed on the basis of finite element analysis with the plane and shell element, body element, boundary element and pseudo element.

本文对由水轮机蜗壳、座环和水泥基础所构成的复杂组合体，在采用板壳元、块体元、边界元和伪单元等四类单元进行有限元分析的基础上，选用最速下降法研究了优化设计过程，并编制成程序系统。

A finite element modeling and analysis of the assembly of a breech mechanism in locking condition was carried out with special finite element techniques such as contact element, gap element and spring element.

利用接触元、间隙元和弹簧元特殊单元，对某大口径火炮的炮尾-闩体-曲臂机构进行了闭锁状态下装配体有限元建模和分析。

In this paper, quantum theory, the use of time evolution operator obtained by the first method for the system density operator of any time, and atomic reduced density matrix, and the atomic dipole squeezing conditions, numerical study of the mixed state -type atom of the three-level with single-mode optical field coherent interaction of atomic dipole squeezing effect.

本文采用全量子理论，运用时间演化算符方法先求出所求系统任意时刻的密度算符，和原子的约化密度矩阵，以及原子偶极压缩的条件，数值计算地研究了混合态型3能级与单模相干光场相互作用时原子的偶极压缩效应。

Furthermore, the metallic glass samples are prepared by vacuum injection method and the rationality of above-mentioned relationships and RBF models is directly verified. It is shown that there are extremum phenomena between the Rc andΔd ,Δe and v respectively. However, the positions of the extremum are different from different alloy systems and the extremum phenomena may be related to the optimum composition region and the optimum additive quantity. More elements in the alloy are in favor of the improvement of the GFA. And as for the high GFA alloy, the atomic percentage, atomic radius difference and atomic electronegativity difference are harmoniously matched.

d、Δe和v与临界冷却速度Rc的关系中都出现极值现象，对于不同的合金体系，极值出现的位置不同；金属玻璃的最优成分范围以及各种添加元素的最佳添加量行为，可能与此极值现象相关；合金中包含的组元数目多有利于提高其玻璃形成能力，玻璃形成能力强的合金，其各个组元的原子百分含量、组元原子半径差及其电负性差之间的搭配是很和谐的；融合建模的合金系之间包含的主要组元数量和种类越相近，所建立的模型的可靠程度越高，其预测结果与实测结果越吻合。

How did the synthesis elaborate Bohr according to the hydrogen atom spectrum experiment rule and Planck, in Einstein's quantum theory introduction atom, thus draws out the energy level rule, the Bohr atom theory's success has triggered the people to the atomic phenomenon and the atomic structure widespread deep research, promoted the atomic physics development.

综合论述了玻尔如何根据氢原子光谱实验规律并将普朗克、爱因斯坦的量子理论引入原子内部，从而引出能级规律，玻尔原子理论的成功触发了人们对原子现象和原子结构的广泛深入研究，推动了原子物理学的发展。

The thesis consists of six chapters. In the first, the technologies of atomic force microscopy and of the measurement elasticity of biomolecules were introduced. In the second, the validity of VSPFM was confirmed by lift mode atomic force microscopy. In this chapter, the height of DNA was measured by lift mode atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated that the method of height measurement of biomolecules by VSPFM was correct and established the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by vibrating mode scanning polarization force microscopy. In the third chapter, detailed work has been illustrated on the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by VSPFM. And the compressive elasticity of DNA was measured. In fourth and fifth chapters, the method was applied in the measurement elasticity of proteins. Two proteins elasticity, fibre-like protein α-synuclein and global protein IgG, were measured by VSPFM, through which the method wound its way to the application of biomolecules. In last chapter, the final part of the thesis was a summary. A conclusion of the thesis and a self-comment on my work as a PhD candidate have been made, and expectation about the further works has been addressed.

本论文共分为六章，第一章，引言部分主要介绍了原子力显微镜技术及生物大分子弹性测量技术；第二章主要是VSPFM方法的正确性论证，介绍抬高模式原理，利用抬高模式原子力显微镜对DNA的高度进行测量，论证振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的高度的正确性以及准确性，从而为振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的弹性方法的建立奠定基础；第三章以脱氧核糖核酸为例详细介绍了振动模式极化力显微镜测量生物大分子弹性的方法的建立，对DNA的压弹性进行了初步的测量和分析；第四章和第五章介绍了振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用：α-synuclein和IgG分别是纤维状蛋白和球状颗粒蛋白，通过振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量这两种蛋白质的弹性，摸索振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用；第六章对全文进行了总结，在对论文的工作进行归纳和自我评价之后，还对进一步的工作进行了展望。

All the atomic shells for the examined atoms are shown and the """"""""reasonable"""""""" electron numbers are given. Especially for atomic subshell and shell structure of transition elements are correctly predicated. This theory provides uniform and objective criterion for shell structure of isolated atom, and the intrinsic and theoretical basis for the shell structure given by other methods. This theory provides a kind of new method for describing the atomic shell structure.

该理论可以揭示原子的全部壳层结构，产生基本合理的电子数，尤其是正确的预示了原子的亚壳层结构和过渡元素的壳层结构；依据该理论所确定的原子内禀壳层结构为孤立原子的壳层结构提供了统一的客观标准，为其它方法所确定的壳层结构提供了内在的理论依据；原子内禀壳层结构理论为度量孤立原子中处于束缚态下电子排布的壳层结构，提供了清晰的物理图像，为描述原子的壳层结构提供了一种新方法和新理论。

Looking to bounce back from defeat against Cesena last weekend, the Calabrian boss will be sticking to his tried and tested 4-3-3, with Lopez and Sedivic joined up front in Giampaolo's absence by either Nanni or Plasmati.

鉴于上周末对切塞纳的比赛中反败为胜，这支南方球队将会更坚持其一贯而有效的4-3-3阵型，洛佩斯和塞德维奇将取代受伤缺席的詹保罗，和纳尼或者帕斯马蒂中的一个搭档锋线。

Meanwhile, their exposure to the more freewheeling ways of the West broadened dramatically.

另外，西方较自由的生活方式对年轻人的影响增大。