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In this paper, the status quo of the Risk Management of the domestic and foreign research as well as applications of our city Yikatong projects was reviewed. The basic concepts and several commonly used methods of risk indentify, risk evaluation and risk control, were introduced. And present situation of the project management research was summarized. Which is mainly: The methods of risk indentify: Brain Storm, Delphi and Situation Analysis; The method of risk evaluation: Fuzzy-Synthesis

本文对项目风险管理在国内外的研究现状以及在我国城市一卡通项目中的应用进行了综述，介绍了它的基本概念及其常用的几种风险识别、风险评价和风险应对和监控的方法，总结了城市一卡通项目中风险管理的研究现状，主要为：风险识别的方法：头脑风暴法、德尔菲法和情景分析法；风险评价的方法：模糊综合评价法。

However, one should not ignore the international project financing will accompany with great risk, in the structure of Chinas system of project financing, to balance the interests of the system and risk, legal control is necessary, we have to pay attention to the study of the intrinsic nature of project financing, analysis risk factors clarify the content of the project, straighten out the in the status of project financing and so on, At the same time project financing as a result of successful project financing is a sign between the parties to the rational allocation of risks, and risk allocation is mainly through legal means, risk allocation is reasonable or not directly related to the success or failure of project financing.

更加值得注意的是，国际项目融资作为一种重要的国际融资工具，其本身的风险性特征十分明显，因此，在建构和/或完善我国项目融资制度时，注意制度的利益平衡和风险法律控制是其核心。在风险控制手段方面，我们要注意研究项目融资的内在本质，分析具体项目本身的特性，认识项目风险因素的内容，把握我国法律制度和政策的特殊个性，摆正政府在项目融资中的地位等等，是我国项目融资法律制度完善的必要环节。

In the situation, this paper brought up the risk analysis and evaluation method on the basis of intelligent control and network communication technology for Network Communication System. The risk analysis and evaluation of Network Communication System firstly discussed the character of network communication and its risk. At the following we estimate a risk evaluation model according the distribution of the systems risk by time and space. Otherwise, we combined Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation with Analytic Hierarchy Process, and set up the multi-grade fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for Network Communication System.

该方案主要通过讨论网络通信系统及其风险的特性，根据风险的时间和空间分布规律，以"风险"为整个网络通信系统安全模型的评估和分析对象，确立网络通信系统风险分布的量化评估模型，同时，就不同区域和不同时段的风险通过引入层次分析的一般方法来确定它们的权重系数，最后，通过模糊综合评判法则对系统中模糊不确定性因素进行数学化的抽象，建立一个反映其本质特征和动态过程的理想化的数学评估模型。

When investors are in the treasury secondary market, they have to undertake two kinds of risks: the first one is yield risk, that is, return of investment is lower than inflation rate. This risk can be depicted as the deviation between the ROI and the inflation rate. Secondly, fluctuation risk in the treasury secondary market, that is, the uncertain fluctuation risk may be bullish or bearish in the treasury market.This risk can be depicted as the square deviation of the treasury price in the secondary market.

在国债现货二级市场上的投资者，要承担的风险主要有两种：第一种风险是收益率风险，也就是投资收益率可能低于通货膨胀率的风险，这种风险可以用与通货膨胀率相比较的差值的大小来描述；第二种风险是二级市场价格波动性风险，也就是市场价格上、下波动的不确定性风险，这种风险可以用二级市场价格的标准差来描述。

CDC NPIN can tell you whether there was no risk, low risk, or high risk of HIV transmission. Based on your situation the chance or probability of transmission is low. You had an open wound in your mouth that was exposed to vaginal fluid this is what makes your situation low risk. Any time a person has a canker sore, cut, or opening to the mouth this is a risk because this is a point of entry for the virus. If you still do not understand this we encourage you to discuss this with your doctor so there is not a language barrier, and you can have a medical professional explain this to you.

cdc npin 能告诉你是否这儿是无风险或是低风险或是高风险对于hiv传播，，基于你的情况这个机会或许可能感染低风险的，你有一个开放性的伤口在你嘴里面被曝露与阴道分泌物这样可以是与处于低风险，任何时候一个人有口腔溃疡疼痛，割伤，或是开放在嘴里面这是一个风险因为这是一个点进入病毒，如果你依然不明白这些我们鼓励你去讨论和你的医生，因为这人没有语言障碍，并且有一个专业的解释给你

In the near future to address the lack of new investors into the market of securities investment experience, investment philosophy immature, and weak risk awareness and risk-resisting ability of the new situation and new features, in-depth development of education as the main risk to the content of investor education, improve investors "Caveat emptor" risk awareness, strengthen its ability to identify and risk tolerance.

在不久的将来，以解决进入证券市场的新投资者缺乏投资经验，投资理念不成熟，风险意识薄弱和抗风险的新情况和新功能的能力，深入的教育发展面临的主要风险对投资者的教育内容，以加深投资者"买者自负"的风险意识，加强其能力，识别和风险承受能力。

Properties of efficient portfolios and the efficient frontier to the model are systematically analyzed. Our main results concerning the properties are: every efficient portfolio can be solved by minimizing portfolio risk under a given level of portfolio return or by maximizing portfolio return under a given level of portfolio risk; on the efficient frontier, the risk is a convex and strictly increasing function of the return and the return is a concave and strictly increasing function of the risk; the utility function on the efficient frontier can be expressed as a quasi-concave function of the risk or the return if the investor's utility function is quasi-concave.

从理论上系统地对该模型下的有效投资组合和有效前沿的性质进行了分析，结果表明：每一个有效投资组合可通过在给定期望收益水平的条件下最小化投资组合风险来获得，或者在给定风险水平的条件下最大化期望投资组合收益来获得；在有效前沿上，风险是收益的严格单调递增凸函数，收益是风险的严格单调递增凹函数；当投资者的效用函数是拟凹函数时，则有效前沿上的效用可表达成风险或收益的拟凹函数。

As fixed-income securities, MBS have default risk, interest risk, liquidity risk and reinvestment risk. On the other hand, MBS have their own riskaprepayment risk.

作为一种固定收益证券，住房抵押贷款债券也具有违约风险、利率风险、流动性风险和再投资风险；而住房抵押贷款债券还有其特有的风险——提前偿付风险。

The investors or exchange can assess risk exposure of hedger according to the change of basis risk, liquidity risk and trading manipulation risk after introducing Stock Index Futures Contract by using this model,and it also intends to provide a reference of decision-making for risk management.

运用这一方法使投资者或交易所可以根据期货合约推出后基差风险、流动性风险和交易操纵风险的变化，对套期保值者的风险暴露状况作出评价与比较，并为下一步的投资和风险管理提供决策依据。

Chapter 1 we introduce the risk process with positive and negative risk sums,show the background of the risk process. Chapter 2 we show the integral and differential equation of birth probability,give the Lundberg inequation that the ruin probability satisfies with martingale approach,then discuss then ruin probability of the risk process with two dependent positive and negative risk sums,study how the dependence impacts on the ruin probability. Chapter 3 we compare the concrete examples by numbers,and makes further comparison between the two results coming out of independency and dependency,with the purpose of narrating their respective impacts on the probability of ruin probability.

本文第一章引入含正、负风险和的风险模型，介绍风险过程的实际背景；第二章给出生存概率Φ所满足的积分-微分方程，利用典型鞅方法给出破产概率Ψ满足的Lundberg不等式，并且讨论两个相关正、负风险和模型的破产概率，研究相关性对破产概率的影响；第三章对具体实例给出数值比较，进一步把相关性和独立性两种情形的结果进行比较，说明对破产概率的影响。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48