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This paper respectively researched the appraisal methods of quantified reserve for bad debts and capital at risk for credit risk, market risk and operating risk after determining a confidence level.

本文分别研究了确定一定的置信水平α后，对信用风险、市场风险和操作风险的量化和损失准备金、风险资本的估计方法。

Around the two major risks, the necessities and possibilities are analyzed that insurance companies go on the market from the aspects of the present conditions of Chinese insurance companies and the theory on the gathered underwrite risk. Then, through building the model of the scatteration of the gathered underwrite risk and portfolio risk, the function of scattering risk of going on the market is further expoun...

本文围绕着这两大风险从我国保险公司的现状和承保风险集聚的理论方面分析保险公司上市的必要性和可能性，然后，通过建立承保集聚风险分散和组合投资风险分散的模型，进一步从理论上阐明上市分散风险的功能，最终得出上市是发展我国保险事业的有效途径的结论。

Spectral Measures of Risk is the new risk measurement in recent years. Because of its eminent properties, Spectral measure of risk is given attentions by more and more researchers in particular, and becomes a lstest research content in financial risk management.

风险的谱度量是近年来提出的新的风险度量方法，它具有许多优良性质，引起了众多研究者的注意，成为金融风险管理中研究的前沿课题。

At the same time, the spectral risk measure is one kind of coherent risk measures. The spectral risk measure combines the distribution of profit and loss with the subjective risk aversion from the investors.

谱风险测度将资产组合损益分布的具体形状和投资者的主观风险厌恶相结合，为合理有效地度量金融风险提供了一种可能的选择。

In this paper, based on the study of various methods calculating the risk occurrence probability, a new method TAA method was obtained, which was the combination of improved TOPSIS method, AHP method and ANN. This new method was used into the invest risk analysis of 019 project and calculation were carried out on the related invest risk occurrence probability caused by all kinds of risk factors.

本文在对各种风险发生概率计算方法的研究基础上，通过将改进的TOPSIS法、AHP法和神经网络相结合得到一种新的风险发生概率计算方法——TAA方法，并将其应用于019工程的风险分析中，对由各风险因素所引发的019工程风险的发生概率进行了计算。

In this paper, China's commercial banks personal financial business risk research as subjects, the main outlines the risks of Personal Financial Services, through theory and case-specific analysis of risk types, characteristics and causes of domestic banks, through drawing on the experience of control risk, and I have been combining the actual situation of commercial banks, commercial banks in our country on personal financial business risk prevention and management.

本文以我国商业银行个人理财业务风险研究作为选题，主要概述了个人理财业务的风险，通过理论与案例具体分析了风险的种类、特征与产生的原因，通过借鉴国外银行控制风险的经验，并结合我过商业银行的实际情况，阐述了我国商业银行个人理财业务的风险防范与管理。

Essay 2 of this study investigates how background risk affects households' insurance purchasing decision, expenditure share and amounts of insurance by using data of Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan. Using the income risk as the proxy for background risk and controlling other wealth and demographic factors, the findings suggest that insurance expenditure is positively affected by uninsurable background risk.

第二篇研究主要探讨家计单位保险（包括人寿医疗险及产物保险）之购买决策、消费比例及支出金额是否受到背景风险（以所得变异系数及标准差及减薪厂商比例等所得风险变数作为代理变数）之影响，并实证估计各种保险之所得弹性。

The risk management system of derivative financial instrument is discussed in following aspects:(1) since a key factor in market risk management is identification and measurement, enterprise should confirm market risk limitation and control upper limit of market risk.

加强衍生金融工具的风险管理制度建设方面主要是针对衍生金融工具的市场缺陷，通过建立健全风险管理制度，落实全方位、综合性的管理，即政府、交易所、企业都能够建立健全风险管理制度建设，并严格按照制度做到分级多层管理，尽可能克服其市场缺陷，有效控制将发生在各个环节的潜在风险。

Chapter!? expounds the five main aspect of risk in national commercial bank, i.e..signal liability structure,bad loan quality, low capital efficiency, imperfect restriction on interior power, thin consciousness on risk avoidance;summarizes five characters of the bank risks, including risk concentration, moral risk, risks caused by system structure, inequi ty between bank risks and revenues, aggrandizement trend of bank risks;analysis eight reasons for bank risks, including proprietary ownership voidance,macroeconomic fluctuation, ineffective capita buffer mechanism, enterprise reasons.no synchronous fiscal investment and financial reform, incompetence law and regulation enforcement.

紧接着在第三章阐述了我国国有商业银行风险的"五大表现"，即负债结构单一、信贷资产质量差、资本充足率低、内部控制机制薄弱、防范风险的意识淡薄；总结了我国国有商业银行风险的"五大特点"，即风险高度集中、风险人为匿藏、风险的体制性、风险与收益严重不对称、风险呈继续扩大态势；剖析了我国国有商业银行风险形成的"八大因素"，即金融产权"人格"虚设、宏观经济波动、资本金等缓冲机制不健全、财政、投资和金融的体制改革不配套、法律和法规不健全等。

The function of derivatives market is to transform the investing risk from a risk averter to a risk taker as to adopt each risk standard of each paticipant, this will lead more investments drop in the fundamental market.

衍生品交易市场的作用在于将投资风险从风险厌恶者转移到风险偏好者那里，从而使得每一个参与者都实现了与其相适应的风险水平，结果是吸引更多的资金投入基础市场。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48