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This thesis conform to necessity of risk management of real estate. This thesis make foundations in the theory of risk , make systemic research and analysis of all kinds of risk factors of real estate market, expound the instancy and necessary of risk management of real estate.

本文顺应房地产开发经营风险管理的需要，在对风险理论研究的基础上，基于对房地产市场各类风险因素进行了系统的研究和分析，阐述了房地产风险管理的必要性和紧迫性。

Firstly,we analyzed the insurability of flood risk and concluded that under the condition of implementing mandatory flood insurance,building multi-level risk compensation mechanism and developing single risk flood insurance policy, flood risk is insurable.

首先，分析洪水风险的可保性，认为在实行强制性洪水保险、构建多层次风险损失补偿机制和发展单一洪水风险保单等条件下洪水风险是可保风险的结论。

In the fourth part, the thesis firstly analyses the principle and developing direction that the state-owned commercial bank should take to implement overall risk management. Then it expounds the countermeasures and measures for the state-owned commercial banks to carry out overall risk management in all dimensions, namely the reforming of the property right institution, bettering the risk management idea, structuring the framework of the risk management, building interne grade system and improving external economical environment.

论文的第四部分首先分析了国有商业银行实施全面风险管理应采取的原则和发展方向；其次从产权制度改革、优化风险管理理念、构建风险管理组织架构、建设内部评级系统以及改善外部经济环境等方面提出了国有商业银行实施全面风险管理的对策和措施。

This paper applies Risk-based strategic-systems audit mode to build framework of enterprise materially misreport risk assessment. Advanced technology of computer auditing is used in diverse audit analysis procedure. In order to construct a scientific evaluating system, Case- Based Reasoning is also applied in this research to identify and estimate the risk factor more correctly in auditing. This system will achieve at debasement of audit risk by avoiding blind audit effectively, using audit resources reasonably and making pertinent audit program.

本文运用现代风险导向审计的理念，构建审计企业重大错报风险评估框架；先进的计算机审计技术应用于多样性的分析性复核中；基于案例的推理技术引入到审计风险评估研究中，建立一套科学的评估体系以便较为准确的识别、评估审计中的风险因素，以期达到有效避免盲目审计，合理分配审计资源，有针对性地执行审计程序，从而实现降低审计风险的目的。

We obtain the risk process involved in this model,the statistical properties of the surplus process,and statistical features of the claim numbers and the probability distribution of the total amount of compensation.The three types of business of the risk model is given when the number of claims obey Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution.We make a comparison between the risk model built in the thesis and the classic risk models with independent claim numbers when the amount of claims obey Weillbull distribution and Exponential distribution.The results have a good practical significance.

其次，考虑不同险种间的相互关系，建立了一种含有主副理赔的风险分析模型；借助随机过程和经典风险理论，对该风险模型所涉及的风险过程、盈余过程的统计特性以及理赔总额的概率分布、数字特征和矩母函数进行解析研究，给出了主理赔次数服从泊松分布和负二项分布的这种风险模型的具体实例，并在理赔额变量服从Weillbul分布和Exponential分布的情况下，把文中所建风险模型和理赔次数相互独立的风险模型作了比较，所得结果有很好的现实意义。

However, due to the influences of the traditional thought pattern and the mainstream media propaganda, as well as the lagging risk education and the lack of relevant systems, the public has limited rational risk consciousness, and their understanding of the risk omnipresence and responsibility to undertake the risk are insufficient.

但由于受传统思维模式、主流传媒宣传的影响，风险意识教育的滞后和相关制度的缺失，公众的风险理性意识程度较低，对风险的跨时空性认识不够，缺乏承担风险责任的主体意识。

The main content include:Firstly, main five risks of overseas personal real estate loans;Secondly, the main two theories and main measures of the foreign commercial banks on dodge the risk of housing mortgage loan, emphasizing the foreign running mode of personal real estate loans, for example, research, loan management and risk management;Thirdly, the research on the risk pre-warning system of the foreign commercial banks on dodge the risk of housing mortgage loan and experiences of their successful dodge and control of risks.

主要内容有，一是我国个人住房贷款面临的主要风险(系统性风险和非系统性风险)，重点分析各种非系统性风险：来自开发商的风险(①虚假按揭，骗取银行贷款、②多种原因造成楼盘烂尾、虚假广告、③承诺落空造成的风险)，(2)来自项目的风险(①项目存在合法性瑕疵，形成风险、②项目市场前景黯淡造成的银行风险、③房屋品质恶劣或有缺陷造成银行风险)，(3)来自借款人的风险(①借款人能力风险、②借款人恶性违约)，(4)来自抵押物的风险，(5)来自中介合作机构的风险，(6)来自银行自身的风险。

In the first part of this paper, we concentrate on the categories and character of operational risk, discuss the important affect on financial institution. The present situation of operational risk management in Chinese financial institution is also briefly introduced. In the second part of this paper, the strategy, organization structure and management process of operational risk management is discussed, and some main methodology and system of the internal control of operational risk management in international financial institution are listed here.

本文第一部分简要地介绍了操作风险的分类和基本特征，并分析了操作风险对金融机构的重要影响和我国金融机构操作风险管理现状；第二部分着重讨论操作风险管理的战略，操作风险管理的组织结构、管理流程，以及操作风险管理的内部控制过程，并列举了一些国际上通常的内部控制手段和制度。

After affirming risk grade, the business of high risk door, reject to cooperate with them, those who reject the risk in receiving; is OK receive, after be being received, should undertake the monitoring of a later period still has low risk of rehear nucleus;, receive policy relatively the meeting is a few fuller.

确认风险等级后，高风险的商户，则拒绝与他们合作、拒绝接入；中风险的可以接入，接入后要进行一个后期的监控还有再审核；低风险的，则相对接入政策会宽松一些。

With the analysis of the situation in the management of risk operation, the dissection of an ecomomic case ( delfalcation comitted by a bank member) and the references from advanced counterparts, the paper comes up with some countermeasures to prevent and control the risk operation: to perfect the management organization, to strengthen the inside-control construction, to reselect the business flow; to enhance the controling of the risk operation, to innovate the supervising methods, to improve the management, to intensify all-staff involvement and to construct a risk culture.

本文通过对江苏AB银行操作风险管理现状的分析，通过对一个内部员工挪用资金案例的解剖和先进同行风险管理经验的借鉴，得出防范和控制操作风险的对策。完善治理结构，强化内控建设；再选业务流程，加强风险控制；创新监管方法，提升管理水平；强化全员参与，培养风险文化。

Listen,point and check your answers.

听，指出并且检查你的答案。

Warming needle is one of effective treatment methods for knee arthralgia aggravated by cold,and it is simple,safety,so it should be developed in clinical acupuncture and moxibustion extensively.

但以本院科针灸门诊在2005年1月—2006年6月期间共收治膝痛患者100余例，经过临床的诊断后，其中施以温针治疗的48例，疗效显著，报道如下。1临床资料本组病例48