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An exstensive research on the calculation formulas for the abutment cone slope on skewed bridges is conclucted.Calculation formulas of key parameters on slope curve are derived through analytic calculation of ellipse curve at slope bottom.The values of parameters are discussed and various forms of cone slope and curve at slope bottom are detailed.

以斜交桥梁桥台锥坡为锥坡的一般形式展开较深入的研究，通过对坡脚椭圆曲线的解析计算，推导得出坡脚曲线各控制参数的计算公式，并对其取值进行讨论，详细说明了锥坡和坡脚曲线的各种形式；进而推导了斜交锥坡的体积、护坡体积、表面积和基础体积的计算公式。

A recent biannual comparison of human resources management at the top and bottom 10 percent of public companies found almost half of the top companies have a formal HR plan, including recruitment, development, and succession, as compared to less than 5 percent of the bottom firms.

近期的一项每半年进行一次的排在最前列和排在最后的各10%的公共企业的比较研究发现，排在前列的企业中，几乎有一半企业有正规的人力资源规划，包括招募、开发和接续计划，相比之下，排在最后的企业只有5%有这种规划。

The conclusions can be drawn through numerical simulation: The hydrate-forming region becomes small with increasing circulation rate and inhibiter concentration, and it is possible to make the hydrate-forming region away from sea floor by increasing circulation rate and inhibiter concentration, thus preventing blowout preventer lines from hydrate plugging; the decrease in gas volume fraction in the annulus due to hydrate formation reduces pit gain, which can delay the detection of well kick; the possibility of hydrate presence at a relatively low gas production rate is much greater than that at a relatively higher production rate; the bottom hole pressure is affected little by hydrate phase transition, and it is allowable not to consider hydrate phase transition when the bottom hole pressure is calculated; shut-in casing pressure cann't truly reflect gas kick due to hydrate formation and the situation is getting worse with time

模拟计算结果表明：溢流期间，天然气水合物的生成区域会随着循环流量的增大或抑制剂浓度的提高而减小，可通过增大流量和抑制剂浓度使水合物的生成区域脱离海底，减小防喷器管线被堵塞的危险；水合物的生成使环空中气体体积分数降低，泥浆池增量减小，给溢流检测带来延迟；当检测到有气侵发生时，水合物藏分解速率比较小时，井筒中生成水合物的可能性要比分解速率大的情况下更为严重；水合物相变对井底压力的影响较小，在工程中计算井底压力时可以忽略；由于天然气水合物的生成使得关井套压值不能真实反应气侵情况，而且随着时间的增加情况会更加严重。

Therelationship between the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate,whichis widely used to parameterize the dissipation rate in turbulence closure models,is found to hold well for both reversing and rotating flows,but with differentcoefficients.Microstructure profiling measurements at two comparative stations (a deepercentral basin and a local shelf break) in the stratified Yellow Sea are analyzed,with emphasis on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottomand in the pyenocline.The water column has a distinct three-layer thermohaline structure,consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers anda narrow sharp pycnocline.Turbulence in the surface layer is controlled by thediurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface.while thebottom stress induced by barotropic tidal eurrents dominates turbulence in thebottom boundary layer.The maximum level at which the tidally enhanced mixingcan affect generally depends on the magnitude of the tidal current,and it canbe up to 10-15 m in the Yellow Sea.This suggests that,in the deeper regionsof the shelf seas,turbulent dissipation and mixing are very weak at the levelsbetween the near-bottom tidally enhanced layer and the pycnocline.Therefore,these levels provide a significant bottle neck for the vertical exchanges.In theshallow regions,however,the tidally-induced turbulence can occupy the wholewater colum below the pycnocline.A quarter-diurnal periodicities of the turbulentdissipation rate and eddy diffusivity are found at different heights with evidenttime lag.In the relatively flat central basin,the pycnocline is essentially non-turbulent and internal-wave activity is very weak.Therefore,vertical fluxes acrossthe pycnocline decreased to molecular levels.In contrast,internal waves of variousperiods can be always found near the local shelf break.

对强层化季节黄海两对比性站位(分别位于中央海盆区与局地陆坡区)处层化、内波以及湍流混合特征的研究结果表明：1、强层化季节的陆架海水体一般呈现显著的三层热盐结构，在水体近乎混合均匀的上混合层与潮流底边界层之间为强跃层；2、近表层水体的湍流混合强度主要由海表浮力通量的日变化与海表风强迫控制，而在潮流底边界层内，潮混合是水体热量、物质、动量与能量垂直交换的主要机制；3、潮混合影响的深度由潮流大小决定，在黄海，一般可达10-15 m，因此，在水深较深的区域，在跃层与潮混合所至深度范围的上界之间存在湍流混合非常弱的区域，这显著抑制水体内物质的垂直通量，为物质垂直交换的瓶颈，而在水深较浅的区域，潮混合影响范围可至跃层底部，因此物质在跃层以下整个水体中混合非常均匀，当跃层内间歇性强混合发生时，可以产生显著的跨跃层物质输运；4、近底潮致强湍流耗散缓慢地向上传播，底上不同深度处垂直湍扩散系数也具有显著的位相差异，且二者均随时间呈现四分之一周日周期的变化；5、在地形较为平坦的中央海盆区，内波活动非常微弱，因此跃层内湍流混合非常弱，垂直扩散系数为分子扩散水平，跨跃层物质通量受到显著抑制，而在地形变化较为显著的局地陆坡区，内波活动非常活跃，除内潮的影响外，高频内波与内孤立波的影响也很显著，因此跃层内存在很强的间歇性强混合，内孤立波存在的区域，水体湍流混合显著增强。

As the same section is concerned, near the bottom the maximum value of frequency appear within 1mm of bubble size, towards the water face this value tend to decrease, yet the corresponding size turns to increase; in the same time, the frequency is concentrated near the bottom and deconcentrated near the water face; under the experiment condition, the maximum frequency of the total section approximately appear at 0.5mm size; mean bubble size access 0 at bottom and increase acceleratively towards water face where tend to be infinite; total number increase during developing of aeration, and become steady when reach wholly developed area; on the same section, the total number in unit time tend to increase at first and decrease then, along the water depth.

对于同一断面，靠近槽底的测点气泡个数分布最大值出现在气泡尺寸小于1mm的范围内，朝水面方向各测点气泡个数分布最大值呈减小趋势，而其对应尺寸则呈现变大趋势；在靠近槽底，个数分布表现得比较集中，而在水面附近气泡个数分布曲线表现得低而平缓；实验条件下，整个断面上的气泡个数分布的最大值大体上出现在尺寸为0.5mm的地方；气泡平均尺寸在槽底处接近于0而朝水面方向迅速增大，且越接近掺气水流的水面，增加速度越快，最终趋于无穷大；气泡总数在掺气发展区内是沿程增加的，当掺气水流发展到一定程度后气泡总数就基本保持不变了；在同一断面上，各测点单位时间内的气泡总数随高度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。

Secondly, it summarizes development and gradual progress about operational risk measurement. Analyzes and compares two main categories at present: bottom-up and top-down, and Loss Distribution Approach of top-down and Income Model of bottom-up is studied deeply, then finds out the main challenges of operational risk measure methods. Thirdly, taking examples for Shanghai Pudong Development Bank and Shenzhen Development Bank, it demonstrates operational risk measurement of our banking using Basic Indicator Approach and Income Model of bottom-up. And by comparing its effects with analysis result of concrete loss incidents of operational risk, it is approved that to apply operational risk measurement to our banking is feasibility. Finally, the paper analyzes difficulties to measure operational risk, such as weak consciousness of measuring operational risk, short of effective modern measuring model, behindhand of loss data collection and lack of perfect inside management mechanism of measurement, and then gives some advices.

接着总结了操作风险度量方法的发展演进过程，对目前度量操作风险的两类主流方法&自下而上&法和&自上而下&法进行了详细的分析和比较，分别选取&自下而上&的损失分布法和&自上而下&的收入模型法展开深入研究，并剖析了操作风险度量方法面临的主要挑战；接着以&浦东发展银行&和&深圳发展银行&为例，选用&自上而下&的基本指标法和收入模型法进行了操作风险度量的实证分析，并将分析结果与使用具体损失事件的实际操作风险分析结果进行了比较，证实了操作风险度量方法应用于我国的可行性；最后文章对我国银行业度量操作风险中存在的现实困难进行了深入探讨，指出了我国存在操作风险度量认识障碍、缺乏适用的现代操作风险度量模型、损失数据收集工作滞后以及操作风险度量缺乏完善的内部管理机制保证四大方面的现实问题，并提出了对策建议。

The results show that space finite analysis results are close to test ones, bottom chords suffer axial force and large in-plane bending, and the max stress is nearby each middle internode. The max stress of node crossbeams occurs in No.2 bottom flange, and that of internode crossbeams happens in ones lying in the middle of every internode. The concrete slab is in tension at the longitudinal direction, and also suffers bent at vertical loads. The degree of completely-composite model taking part in the combined actions is about 55%, while that of semi-composite model is 42%-43%. The combination of concrete slab and bottom chord increases the degree of floor system taking part in the combined actions, lightens the burden of bottom chord, and reduces out-of-plane bending of node crossbeams especially the ones near bridgehead. Stress and displacement of main truss can be evaluated by a equivalent plane rigid frame in preliminary design, and effective stiffness of bottom chords are composed of original ones and concrete slab, and the concentrated load from deck can be translated into uniform load.

研究结果表明：空间有限元分析结果与试验结果较吻合；下弦杆受到轴向拉力和较大的面内弯矩作用，各节间最大应力出现在节间中点附近；节点横梁最大应力发生在横梁2的下翼缘，节间横梁最大应力发生在位于端节间中部的小横梁上；混凝土板顺桥向整体受拉，并在竖向集中荷载作用下产生弯曲变形；全结合模型大部分节间内的桥面板参与主桁共同作用的程度为55%左右，半结合模型桥面板的参与程度为42%~43%；桥面板与下弦杆结合能够增加桥面板的参与程度，减轻下弦杆荷载，减少节点横梁尤其是靠近桥头横梁的面外弯曲；对桥梁进行初步设计时，主桁杆件的位移与内力可按照1个等效的平面刚架计算，下弦杆的等效刚度由原下弦杆截面和混凝土桥面板截面组合而成，桥面荷载可转化为均布荷载施加。

Upside-down taper extracting tank is very beneficial to the circulative extraction from downwards to upward, through the water dividing board and sieve specially designed at the tank bottom, the extracted solvent can make upward movement evenly from the tank bottom. As the tank volume gradually decreases from the tank bottom to the tank top, the short circuit during the flow of solvent can be avoided. Upside-down taper extracting tank is the ideal upgraded equipment for the technology requiring the realization of dynamic extraction processing.

倒锥型提取罐对溶剂的循环提取极为有利，当提取溶剂从上到下循环提取时，通过罐底专门设计的分水板和筛网，提取溶剂能够均匀地从罐底部向上运动，而且由于从罐底部向灌顶部逐渐缩小，所以能很好的避免溶剂流动时短路现象，对于需要实现动态提取加工的工艺而言，倒锥型提取罐是极为理想的升级换代设备。

So Ross retreated to the bottom of his garden in Horsham, West Sussex, and spent four years and the best part of 100,000 building a rocketbelt - a Buck Rogers-style flying backpack that can shoot the wearer 1,000 feet into the air at 60mph.

于是罗斯回到了自己在西苏塞克斯霍尔沙姆的庄园，花费四年，耗资将近10万英镑制作了一个火箭背带--一个巴克。罗杰斯式飞行背包，可以把佩戴者以60英里每小时的速度发射到1000英尺高空。

Gaston Monescu: I see. You have to be in the Social Register to keep out of jail. But when a man starts at the bottom and works his way up, a self-made crook, then you say,"Call the police! Put him behind bars! Lock him up!"

我明白了，你一旦进入社交名人录就可以免受牢狱之苦，但是一旦一个人从下层做起，是个自力更生的盗贼，你就会说：&快报警，把他抓起来。&

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。