查询词典 approach

For a long period, product approach which is based on the behavioristic theory has played the dominant role in Chinese teaching field of writing. Since the middle of the 1980s, many ESL teachers have implemented the process approach which was first conducted in teaching first-language （ L1 ） writing. Peer review is an important activity of process-oriented approach, in which students read drafts of their fellow students' essays in order to make suggestions for revision.

摘 要：长期以来成果教学法一直在中国的英语写作教学领域中占据主要地位，二十世纪 80 年代中期，很多 ESL 写作教师开始借鉴母语写作中应用的过程教学法，其中互评法是这一写作方法中很重要的一个活动，学习者们互相阅读同伴的作文，对其做出评价，并提出建议供作者进行修改。

8Mm±3. 8 through this approach. Neuronavigational system is thus useful in anatomical study and preoperative evaluation for transsphenoidal approach. It also supple the basic anatomical information for the range we can reach to clivus and anterior cranial base and is helpful for handling the operative indications of skull base lesions by this approach.

神经导航系统不仅可用于经蝶入路解剖学研究和手术前评估，而且为掌握斜坡和前颅底区经蝶窦入路手术的适应征打下解剖基础。

Comclusion: transpetrous presigmoid retrolabrinth approach was rational approach for surgery on petroclivus and -4- CPA; it抯 important for accomplish the surgery to study and master the anatomy and variance of this approach; there was relative anatomical relationship among those structure on posterior of petrous bone; AAMP was the extracranial mark of inflexion of TS and SS; LAM and PSC were obvious bone marks for operation; we can confirm the abraded range of petrous bone lean upon LAM and/or GSS beside abrading step by step as literature, and it抯 unnecessary and unrational to emphasize to show PSC if the surgical space was enough; preceding sigmoid sinus and high jugular bulb often appeared at right and would bring disadvantage effect; interspace ,between CN V and CNVII or CNVII and CNJXI, were available to reach clivus and manage the mass on the range.

经SS前迷路后入路是处理岩斜坡区、桥小脑角区病变理想的手术入路；研究和熟悉手术入路中的解剖结构及部分变异对指导手术十分必要；岩骨内测面的骨性结构之间有着相对稳定的空间关系；顶乳缝前角是SS和TS转接处在颅外的标志；IAM和PSC等结构可以作为手术中的重要骨性标志；以PSC确定岩骨的磨除范围是较安全和可靠的，但亦可以结合影像检查，以内耳道和乙状窦前缘为基点判定切除范围，如果操作空间足够，过分强调磨出半规管是不适当的；右侧GSS的宽度和深度较对侧大，SS前置和颈静脉球高位较对侧多见，这些都对右侧入路有不利的影响，但仍可以进行手术操作；三叉神经和面神经间隙及面l 神经和舌咽神经间隙方便到达斜坡并处理病变。l

The available operation range in clivus and anterior cranial base by transsphenoidal opproach was also observed during the operation under the help of neuronavigational pointer. Forty-one patients underwent sublabial, transseptal, transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary region guided by Surgical Microscope Navigation was studied. The piriform aperture was 27. 2mm±3. 1 , the origin of inferior nasal concha 30mm±4. 1, the origin of middle nasal concha 27. 9mm±4. 3. These data are important for transsphenoidal approach, because the piriform aperture and the origin of both inferior and middle nasal conchas restricted the opening width of the Hardy specula. If any distance of these bony structures was much less than the mean one, may cause inadequate opening of the specula blade and resulting dissatisfied operative field. Microadenomas or cystic tumors perhaps can be operated even in a narrow exposure, but large or giant solid adenomas may need a proper evaluation including changing the operative approach or performing a bilateral submucous inferior conchotomy or posterior ethmoidectomy firstly.

手术中还利用CT导航系统观察棒研究了经口—鼻蝶窦入路在斜坡区和前颅底能够达到的实际有效操作范围，为扩大经蝶窦入路手术在斜坡区和前颅底的应用奠定基础，在国内外尚未见同类报道。41例垂体瘤患者梨状孔平均宽度27.2mm±3.1，下鼻甲根部附着处间距30mm±4.1，中鼻甲根部附着处间距27.9mm±4.3，这是经口—鼻蝶窦入路手术中，对Hardy双瓣鼻窥器张开限制的主要骨性结构，若患者这些径线值明显小于平均值，则可能因为鼻窥器打开不充分而影响手术暴露，当然对于垂体微腺瘤和以囊变为主的垂体瘤可能影响不大，但对于大和巨大垂体瘤必须要有充分的准备，包括评估是否改用其他入路，或先行鼻甲切除再行经蝶手术。

Using Kocher-Langenbeck approach,ilioinguinal approach,and before and after the combined approach to open reduction and internal fixation.

分别采用Kocher-Langenbeck入路、髂腹股沟入路及前后联合入路进行切开复位内固定。

The infraclavicular and the AXIS approach can be substitutes for the supraclavicular approach. Considering the relative high incidence of pneumothorax, the infraclavicular approach should be paid more attention.

考虑到锁骨上入路臂丛阻滞的气胸发生率较高的缺点，锁骨下入路和AXIS入路可以作为锁骨上入路的一种替代方法，其中锁骨下入路尤应受到足够的重视。

In recent years, the Western scholarship on China is trying to disintegrate the once dominant Western-centered approach by using a variety of approaches, such as post-modernism, post-colonialism and China-centered approach. The intercomparable approach is a new fashion.

近年来的西方中国学研究纷纷致力于以后 ssbbww 现代主义、后殖民主义、中国中心论等视角来瓦解从前居统治地位的西方中心视角，目前又流行互动比较的视角，而且偏爱比较晚明前清与同时 ssbbww。

Methods: The microstructure of the cavernous sinus of 10 adult cadaveric heads were observed under microscope through lateral extradural approach,lateral intradural approach and superior approach.

10例成人头颅标本，采用经额颞眶-颧弓开颅，在显微镜下对海绵窦的侧方硬膜外，侧方硬膜下，及上方入路进行解剖学观察。

In order to reasonably review the status and progress of ESCR in China, we introduce some methods measuring human rights, for example, HDI developed by UNDP(2000) based on progressive realization, a violations approach by Chapman (1996),a subsistence rights approach by Apodaca（2005）, a three-dimension approach by Landman(2004), and so on, and measure the right to education, health, and labor by right indicators.

为了准确评价中国的经济、社会和文化权利的现状和变化，我们还引入了Chapman (1996)、UNDP(2000)、 Landman(2004)和Apodaca（2005）等发展的人权度量理论和方法，试图从教育权、健康权和劳动权三种权利的视角建立各自的权利指数，通过指数来度量这些权利的总体变动情况。

Methods:①To observe important landmarks of bony of PPF、the neurovascular structure and its relations with the surrounding structures via endoscopic middle meatal transpalatine approach、middle meatal transantral approach and inferior turbinectomy transantral approach respectively in 10 fresh cadaveric heads(20 sides).

①通过对10具(20侧)成人新鲜尸头分别采用鼻内镜下中鼻道经腭骨入路、经上颌窦入路、下鼻甲切除经上颌窦入路进行解剖，观测手术径路中穿经结构以及重要血管神经的毗邻关系。

Article 144 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall maintain the policy previously practised in Hong Kong in respect of subventions for non-governmental organizations in fields such as education, medicine and health, culture, art, recreation, sports, social welfare and social

第一百四十四条香港特别行政区政府保持原在香港实行的对教育、医疗卫生、文化、艺术、康乐、体育、社会福利、社会工作等方面的民间团体机构的资助政策。原在香港各资助机构任职的人员均可根据原有制度继续受聘。

Small wonder, then, that the Chinese spend more in the shop than any other group of foreign visitors do .

这样的小惊喜，使中国顾客比任何国家的人消费得更多。