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The surgical approaches included suboccipital midline approach, lateral approach, and far lateral approach.

手术采用枕下正中入路、枕下旁正中入路和远外侧入路三种术式。

Objective General evaluation of the degree of exposure and damage to the cerebellopontine angle region by the postlabyrithine approach and suboccipital retrosigmoid approach, being familiar with anatomic structure of this region and providing theory reference for the choice of the clinical operative approach.

方法在显微镜下对5例(10侧)国人成人头颅灌注湿性标本进行模拟经迷路后入路和经枕下乙状窦后入路的手术操作，观察区域解剖结构、按Ammirat标准进行评价两种入路对桥小脑角区的显露程度，测量并用Horgan法计算出显露面积，并按损伤程度的评分评价两入路对桥小脑角区的损伤程度。

The analysis results showed that the strapdown approach will be faced to more error sources with sensor noise and motion disturbance. The simulation results verified this and indicated that the performance of the strapdown approach would not be as efficient as that of the direct approach.3. Analyzing the principle and error model of MEMS QRS gyro for the purpose of practical applications, the paper presented an autoregressive model for the gyro signal by means of time series theory.

应用牛顿力学原理分析了光电稳定跟踪机构的惯量耦合关系和动力学模型，推导了平台单轴伺服回路的控制方程，比较了直接稳定和捷联稳定方案在测量噪声和外部扰动共同作用下的性能特点，仿真结果表明，在同等噪声和扰动条件下，捷联稳定面临更多的误差源，因而最终的稳定精度较难达到直接稳定系统的水平。3。

If adopting the reliability analysis approach for geotechnical engineering, the uncertainness of various influencing factors, especially uncertainness of geotechnical parameters and calculated approach must be considered. Based on these two influencing factors, it is thoroughly studied of the probability characteristic of geotechnical parameters and the reliability of limited bearing capacity of single pile, and a set of idiographic method and approach of reliability analysis is built based much engineering data collected in Hangzhou area.

对岩土工程采用可靠度设计方法，需要综合考虑各种影响因素的不确定性，尤其是土性参数的不确定性和计算方法的不确定性，本文针对这两方面因素，在收集杭州地区大量工程资料的基础上，对土性参数概率特征及单桩极限承载力可靠度进行了详细研究，建立了一套可靠度分析的具体方法和途径。

Now, because the means of data administration is very poor and some other reasons, the market data approach is scarcely used by land valuator. In this paper, the author analyzes the application actuality and difficulties of the market data approach, and try to overcome these difficulties. Then the author accomplishes applied geographical information system for the market data approach based on urban land grading and evaluation system, taking Nantong city as example, and has got anticipative purpose.

本研究在分析市场比较法应用状况、应用难点的基础上，提出了市场比较法应用过程中难点问题的解决方法，从技术角度上阐述了基于城镇土地定级估价信息系统之上的市场比较法评估信息系统的建立，尤其是以南通市为例完成了该市市场比较法信息系统和各项基础数据库的建设，取得了预期的研究成果。

In addition, The proposed approach is compared with the recognition approach based on he vector power spectrum and radial basis function network. The experiment result shows that the proposed approach is very effective, especially in the small samples.

同时，该方法还与基于矢功率谱的径向基函数网络识别结果进行了比较，实验结果表明，该方法是有效的，尤其在小样本情况下，SVM识别效果明显优于径向基函数网络。

Results: Lateral extradural approach could be used to expose the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve,trigeminal ganglion,posterior vertical segment of the intrapetrosal ICA,abducent nerve and horizontal segment of the intrapetrosal ICA;lateral intradural approach could be used to expose the lateral,anteroinferior and posterosuperior venous spaces,almost all the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus and horizontal segments of the intracavernous ICA;superior approach could be used to expose the medial,lateral and posterosuperior venous spaces,medial side of the anterior genu,anterior vertical and clinoidal segments of the intracavernous ICA and the lateral side of the hypophysis.

结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支，三叉神经节，海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段，外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段；侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下，后上静脉间隙，以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段；上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙，海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面，以及垂体的外侧面。

For a long period, product approach which is based on the behavioristic theory has played the dominant role in Chinese teaching field of writing. Since the middle of the 1980s, many ESL teachers have implemented the process approach which was first conducted in teaching first-language （ L1 ） writing. Peer review is an important activity of process-oriented approach, in which students read drafts of their fellow students' essays in order to make suggestions for revision.

摘 要：长期以来成果教学法一直在中国的英语写作教学领域中占据主要地位，二十世纪 80 年代中期，很多 ESL 写作教师开始借鉴母语写作中应用的过程教学法，其中互评法是这一写作方法中很重要的一个活动，学习者们互相阅读同伴的作文，对其做出评价，并提出建议供作者进行修改。

8Mm±3. 8 through this approach. Neuronavigational system is thus useful in anatomical study and preoperative evaluation for transsphenoidal approach. It also supple the basic anatomical information for the range we can reach to clivus and anterior cranial base and is helpful for handling the operative indications of skull base lesions by this approach.

神经导航系统不仅可用于经蝶入路解剖学研究和手术前评估，而且为掌握斜坡和前颅底区经蝶窦入路手术的适应征打下解剖基础。

Comclusion: transpetrous presigmoid retrolabrinth approach was rational approach for surgery on petroclivus and -4- CPA; it抯 important for accomplish the surgery to study and master the anatomy and variance of this approach; there was relative anatomical relationship among those structure on posterior of petrous bone; AAMP was the extracranial mark of inflexion of TS and SS; LAM and PSC were obvious bone marks for operation; we can confirm the abraded range of petrous bone lean upon LAM and/or GSS beside abrading step by step as literature, and it抯 unnecessary and unrational to emphasize to show PSC if the surgical space was enough; preceding sigmoid sinus and high jugular bulb often appeared at right and would bring disadvantage effect; interspace ,between CN V and CNVII or CNVII and CNJXI, were available to reach clivus and manage the mass on the range.

经SS前迷路后入路是处理岩斜坡区、桥小脑角区病变理想的手术入路；研究和熟悉手术入路中的解剖结构及部分变异对指导手术十分必要；岩骨内测面的骨性结构之间有着相对稳定的空间关系；顶乳缝前角是SS和TS转接处在颅外的标志；IAM和PSC等结构可以作为手术中的重要骨性标志；以PSC确定岩骨的磨除范围是较安全和可靠的，但亦可以结合影像检查，以内耳道和乙状窦前缘为基点判定切除范围，如果操作空间足够，过分强调磨出半规管是不适当的；右侧GSS的宽度和深度较对侧大，SS前置和颈静脉球高位较对侧多见，这些都对右侧入路有不利的影响，但仍可以进行手术操作；三叉神经和面神经间隙及面l 神经和舌咽神经间隙方便到达斜坡并处理病变。l

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。