查询词典 an established fact

It is quite an established fact that mountain bicycles are aptly designed following the present trend and demand.

这是相当不争的事实山地自行车是恰当的设计之后，目前的趋势和需求。

In fact, an established school of thought holds that velocities in sedimentary rocks are primarily a measure of porosity-the lower the velocity, the higher the porosity.

事实上，在一个既定的学校的思想认为，在速度沉积岩，主要是衡量孔隙度-低的速度，较高的孔隙率。

There are many local laws in various religions; and when Montezuma with so much obstinacy insisted that the religion of the Spaniards was good for their country, and his for Mexico, he did not assert an absurdity; because, in fact, legislators could never help having a regard to what nature had established before them.

在各种各样的宗教中，有许多地域性的宗教法律；蒙特祖马（Montezuma，最后一位阿兹特克君主，在1519年遭到西班牙军队的进攻，王朝覆灭）顽固的认为西班牙人的宗教对西班牙是好的，他的宗教对墨西哥是好的，他的断言并非谬论；因为，实际上，立法者不能不考虑在他们之前自然已经建立起来的东西。

It is always nice to fantasise when an underdog stands up to the established order, but it is a fact that we need to accept that the days when a Cagliari, Verona or Samp could win the Scudetto are gone forever.

看着小角色奋起反抗已有的规则是非常美妙的一件事情，不过我们仍然要意识到像桑普多利亚，卡利亚里，维罗纳这样的小角色能够夺得联赛冠军的日子已经一去不复返了。

As for the former, we will not doubt the certainty hence our assurance of the matter until an unexpected small probability event occurs. As for the latter, we will trust the established institute as long as the institutionalized action pattern complies with the social economic life and remains better than the extra-institutional expediencies. However, once the seed of suspicion is sown, it is doomed to yield a new institutional fruit. After all, an institution can only reduce uncertainty to some extent instead of ruling out the discrepancy between the formulated action modes and the fact itself.

对于前者，只有当小概率事件发生以后，人们才会对事件的确定性表示怀疑，对于后者，只有当制度化的行为模式不能适应社会经济生活，只有当人们发现例外的行为选择更好的时候，才会对制度表示怀疑，从而向一种新的制度化行为过渡，并如此不断演化下去，但制度始终只是对不确定性的一种简化处理，在&严格按照制度办事&与&实事求是&之间，在一定程度上是有矛盾的。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Initially, assuming that the contact between cam and tappet is"dry contart", a dynamics model of Hertzin contact stiffness and impact damping is established. Next, with dynamic load on cam—tappet pair from the model, an analysis is made both to unsteady EHD oil film in cam—tappet pair under condition of full and partial lubrtication and to wear characteristics of cam profile. then, according to the fact that the lubrication in cam—tappet contact surface is EHD lubrication, taking the interaction between stiffness and damping of unsteady EHD oil film and rigidity of solid object contact into account, a dynamics equation of valve train relating to the dynamic effect of EHD oil film is built up and solved. Consequently, a further study is made on the dynamic characteristics of valve train under interaction of EHD oil film dynamic behavior and the problem of EHD lubrication in cam—tappet pair. Finally, the dynamic effect of full and partial EHD oil film is studied accordingly.

首先，通过对凸轮—挺杆接触为&干接触&的假设，建立了考虑赫兹&接触刚度&和冲击&阻尼&的配气机构动力学模型，用由此求得的凸轮—挺杆表面动载荷对凸轮—挺杆进行了全膜状态和部分膜状态非稳态弹流润滑分析，并研究了凸轮轮廓的磨损规律；然后，是在凸轮挺杆表面存在弹流动压油膜这一事实的基础上，相当于在动力学方程中考虑非稳态弹流油膜的&刚度&、&阻尼&和固体接触&刚度&的耦合作用，建立并求解了考虑弹流润滑行为动力学效应的配气机构的动力学方程，从而深入地研究了弹流润滑行为与动力学行为耦合作用下的配气机构动力学特征以及凸轮挺杆弹流润滑问题；作为前面工作的对应部分，考虑弹流油膜动力学效应的研究工作也同样分为全膜状态和部分膜状态进行。

An industry spokesman told reporters that, although the Ministry of Health has repeatedly held large-scale clinical training, but in fact China to treat AIDS expert-level doctors only dozens, and most AIDS patients now rely on state-provided drugs free of charge to maintenance treatment, established classes the market is still "government procurement" has to support the situation.

一位业界人士向记者表示，虽然卫生部曾多次举办过大规模的临床培训，但实际上目前中国能够治疗艾滋病的专家级医生只有几十位，而且大多数艾滋病患目前只能依靠国家提供的免费药物来维持治疗，抗艾药市场仍是&政府采购&独撑的局面。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。