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Results A 462 bp length cDNA was amplified from S. japonicum cercaria cDNA library and identified to be RIRP gene cDNA by sequence analysis.

结果 从S 。japonicum尾蚴文库中扩增出一条长为 462bp的cDNA片段，经测序证实其为RIRP基因的全长cDNA。

Japonicum was firstly PCR amplified from S. japonicum cercaria cDNA library. Its recombinant prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression plasmids were successfully constructed and its nucleotide sequence was determined. It was firstly expressed in E. coli with MW of about 17 ku.

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The gene of ESAT-6 from genome of bovine mycobacterium tuberculosis strain that from cervine tuberculosis was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and inserted into pGEM-TE vector. After sequencing, we analyzed the gene encoding ESAT-6 protein with molecular biologic software.

从患结核病鹿的肺组织中粗分离牛分支杆菌制备DNA模板，用PCR对牛分支杆菌ESAT-6基因进行了扩增，将扩增的产物连接于测序载体pGEM-TE上克隆，经测序确定无误；并使用分子生物学软件对ESAT-6基因进行了分析。

Sequence analysis showed that the amplified 16S rDNA fragment was closely related to those in the 16Sr Ⅰgroup, with a homology rate of more than 99 %. This fragment had maximum homology, upto 100 %, with those of Ash witches' broom, Epilobium phyllody, and Chinaberry witches' broom phytoplasma strain Jiangxi. Its similarity of 16S rDNA sequence is obviously lower than 97 % as compared with other phytoplasma groups.

结果表明，该片段与16Sr I组中的各植原体同源率均达到99 %以上，其中与16Sr I中的白蜡树丛枝（Ash witches'-broom，AWB，AY566302），柳叶菜变叶（Epilobium phyllody，EP，AY101386）和苦楝丛枝江西株系（Chinaberry witches'-broom，CWB-JX，AY859543）的同源率最高，达到100 %，而与其它组的植原体16S rDNA序列的同源率均低于97 %。

Chinaberry tree samples showing witches' broom were collected in Danzhou, Hainan Province. Using universal primers Rl6mF2/Rl6Mr1 for phytoplasma 16 S rDNA, a fragment of about 1.4 kb was amplified, cloned and sequenced from the DNA samples extracted from the diseased Chinaberry tree.

利用植原体16S rDNA通用引物对Rl6mF2/Rl6mR1，通过PCR技术从表现典型丛枝症状的苦楝植株总DNA扩增到约1.4 kb的特异片段，将此片段克隆后进行序列测定、分析及系统关系树构建。

Chinaberry witches'broom, Ziziphus jujube witches'broom, Mulberry dwarf disease, JWB and Paulownia witches' broom phytoplasmas were identified by comparative studies of PCR amplify of phytoplasmal 16SrDNA、23rDNA and ribosomal protein gene, heteroduplex mobility assay, RFLP of PCR-amplified products (16S rDNA), cloning and sequence analysis of 16SrDNA and rp gene. An efficient procedure for rapid identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas was established, which could identify and differentiate phytoplasma collected from field.

通过对桑萎缩病、枣疯病、酸枣丛枝病、泡桐丛枝病和苦楝丛枝病植原体16SrDNA、23SrDNA和核糖体蛋白基因的PCR扩增、异源双链迁移率分析、16SrDNA PCR产物的限制性片段多态性分析以及植原体16SrDNA和rp基因的克隆和序列分析等比较研究，建立了一种快速确定未知植原体种类和分类地位的分子鉴别与鉴定优化程序；此程序可对田间采集的各种植物植原体样品直接进行快速鉴定和鉴别。

The phytoplasmas diseases were investigated in 30 counties and cities of 10 areas in Yunnan Province. There are 12 phytoplasma diseases, including paulownia witches-broom,chinaberry witches-broom, cactus witches-broom, christmas cactus witches-broom, orange little leaf, petunia flat stem and so on were indentified using PCR with universal primers, which amplified phytoplasma 16SrRNA gene and/or ribosomal protein genes. So the kind of phytoplasma diseases in Yunnnan Province were understood. Identified the characteristic of 16SrRNA and rp gene of phytoplasma and the kind, classification and genitic relativity of these strains using RFLP, clonging and sequence analysis (nearly 20 full-length sequences of phytoplasma 16SrRNA and/or rp gene were submitted in GenBank ); The phytoplasma strains isolated from herbage plants were conserved in storeroom. 9 articles were published in the key journals of China and 1 technique invention patent was applied. The net-page about phytoplasma disease was established. 4 graduate student were bringed up.

对云南省10个地区的30余个县市地区进行了植原体病害的调查采集工作；采用植原体16SrRNA基因通用引物（R16mF2/R16mR1及R16F2/R16R2）和/或植原体核糖体蛋白基因引物（rpF1/R1）对所采集到的病害标样总DNA进行PCR扩增，根据植原体特异扩增条带的出现，共鉴定出泡桐丛枝、苦楝丛枝、仙人掌丛枝、蟹爪兰丛枝、柑桔小叶、矮牵牛扁茎等12种植原体病害，初步明确了云南省植原体病害的种类；通过RFLP技术、克隆及测序技术获得其16SrRNA及部分核糖体蛋白基因的近全长序列（已在GenBank中共登录近20余个相关序列），通过序列比较分析，明确了上述植原体株系中这两个基因的特征并确定了云南省植原体株系的种类、分类地位及遗传相关性；对一些发生在草本植物上的植原体进行了株系保存；在国内核心期刊及一般期刊发表研究论文 9 篇，申请技术发明专利1项；初步建立了有关植原体病害的网页；培养研究生4名。

Magna populations in edge and central region was studied. In 39 A. magna samples and five A. chukar outgroups, the entire mtDNA D loop was PCR amplified. The 456-457 nucleotides of the DNA D loop domain Ⅰ have been sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method. The 16 variable sites(3 5% of the entire sequence) defined 15 haplotypes.

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应和直接测序的方法获得了采自甘肃的大石鸡一个边缘种群和两个中心地理种群共39个个体的线粒体DNA控制区基因456～457个核苷酸的基因序列，16个变异位点(占整个序列的3.5%)有15个单倍型。

The amplified full-length plasmid PCR products were transformed into competent E. coli and they were able to circularize due to the terminal homologous sequences.

转化到细菌中的全长质粒DNA PCR产物可利用其末端同源序列发生同源重组而环化。

Total genomic DNA was extracted from four marine fishes (Verasper variegates, Cleisthenes herzensteini, Turbot Scophthalmus maximus, red seabream Pagrosomus major) using a proteinase K and phenol-chloroform procedure. Long mtDNA fragments were amplified by long and accurate PCR using primers designed based on the mtDNA sequenses of Thunnus thynnus thynnus, flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and other related fishes.

用蛋白酶k酚氯抽提法从圆斑星鲽、高眼蝶、大菱鲆和真鲷4种海水鱼的肌肉组织中提取基因组DNA，根据金枪鱼、牙鲆及相关鱼类的线粒体DNA序列保守片断设计出扩增引物，扩增从16SrRNA到ND4之间约9400bp的mtDNA长片段。

Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of theprojectile"s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory"s migration withdifferent projectile"s rotating speeds, different target"s moving speeds and differentpenetration angles.

通过比较数值模拟的结果来研究不同弹头转速、目标速度、侵彻角对侵彻过程中弹头最终速度、翻转角度和弹道偏移的影响。

I love stationery and all the accoutrement of writing.

我爱文具以及所有的书写的工具装备。