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The protocol for the detections of all the AIV isolates, the H5-subtype and the optimization of reactions were studied with a H5-subtype reference isolate BSG1. A 229bp-band of AIV specific and a 380bp-band of H5 subtype specific were amplified individually with the designed primers of AIV specific and H5-subtype specific respectively by the developed RT-PCR technique from isolate BSG1. A double-PCR was also developed which can detect all the AIVs and identify the H5-subtype AIVs. The results of specificity experiment showed that there was no specific band could be amplified with the samples of Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, egg drop syndrome virus and infectious bursal disease virus.

结果应用通用引物可从BSG1毒株扩增到与预计大小相符的229bp AIV特异性片段，应用H5亚型鉴定引物则可从BSG1毒株扩增到与预计大小相符的380bp H5亚型特异性片段；在此基础上建立了可检测所有AIV毒株以及可同时进行H5亚型毒株鉴定的二重RT-PCR方法；检测方法的特异性试验结果表明，该方法对新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性喉气管炎病毒、产蛋下降综合症、传染性法氏囊病毒无交叉反应；检测方法的敏感性试验结果表明，通用引物扩增、H5亚型特异性引物扩增以及二重PCR扩增反应的组织样品总RNA的最低检出量分别为0.0217μg、0.0217μg和2.17μg；对20份临床样品检测中，有10份为AIV阳性，其中有5份为H5亚型病毒阳性。

Methods Specific SSU rDNA fragments from nuclear DNA of five Leishmania species and isolates were amplified by PCR. The amplified DNA fragments were cloned into pGEM R-T Easy vector.

nDNA进行PCR扩增，将扩增出的SSUrDNA基因的特异片段克隆于 pGEMR TEasyVector上，采用通用引物M 13进行PCR扩增，全自动测序仪测序。

It was found that there were some differences between the amplified bands of Liquidambar formosana which grew in the place of the altitudes from 100 m to 300 m and in the place of the higher altitudes from 400 m to 700 m, while there was no obvious difference among the amplified bands of Liquidambar formosana's samples (3 samples were from shade conditions and 3 from sunlight conditions) which were from the same altitude (710 m).

结果发现：生长於海拔100~300 m的枫香的扩增谱带与生长於高海拔(400~700 m)的略有差异，而在相同海拔(710 m)的3个阴性条件样品和3个阳性条件样品间，其扩增谱带没有明显差异。

The technique of RAPD was used in analysis of mele or female also. Eachprimer among amplified bands of DNA is of polymorphic at various levels, and63％ of DNA fragments amplified are of polymorphic.

应用RAPD技术分析绞股蓝雌雄株，在DNA的扩增位点中，每一个引物均显示出不同程度的多态性，扩增出DNA片段总共有63％个位点是多态的。

90In this paper, the 10kDa sulfur-rich prolamin gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced from Chi-nese rice. The sequence analysis showed that the amplified fragment was 380bp long, 94. 5 % homologousto the nucleic acid sequence reported by Masumura et al.

对扩增产物的核苷酸序列分析表明：本扩增产物长 380bp；与 Masumura等人[1] 发表的序列相比，有94.5％的同源性，与我们以前发表的中花10号水稻10kDa富硫醇溶蛋白基因的序列相比，有99.5％的同源性。

The methods of bulk segregant analysis , randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and sequence characterized amplified regions were used to analyze F〓 individuals of the hybrid IR24×78-15 and molecular genetic markers linked to Xa-min gene were identified.

同时，以IR24和78-15为亲本进行杂交（IR24×78-15），并采用分离群体分组分析法、随机引物扩增多态性DNA和序列特异性扩增区筛选与Xa-min连锁的分子标记。

The RAPD was used to study the genetic diversity of 19 KinXin series potato cultivars. The result showed that 52 RAPD bands were amplified using 7 primer, among them 43 bands were polymorphic, and 4~9 bands were amplified in each lane. The RAPD analysis indicated that the genetic distance of 19 potato cultivars was between 0.17~0.72, average value was 0.39. When all of the polymorphic bands were analysed by cluster analysis, 19 potato cultivars were classified into 3 groups. The analysis showed that there existed close sibship among the majority of potato cultivars, and the genetic distance between the minority cultivars and the others is longer, which indicate that the genetic basis of KeXin series potato cultivars is wide.

利用RAPD标记技术对19份克新系列马铃薯品种进行了遗传多样性分析，分别提取19份马铃薯品种的DNA，进行随机引物多态性扩增，从1000条随机引物中初步筛选出7条有多态性的引物进行详细研究，每条RAPD引物扩增出4~9条带，共获得52条带，其中多态性条带为43条；19份马铃薯品种的遗传距离介于0.17~0.72之间，平均值为0.39，平均遗传距离介于0.31~0.51之间；聚类分析结果在GS=0.53处可将克新系列马铃薯品种划分为三类，聚类结果与系谱分析基本相符，同时也说明克新系列马铃薯的遗传基础有所拓宽。

The PCR products appeared to be approximate 600 bp, the expected size. The allantoic fluid of infected embryonating eggs of 6 IBV reference strains and 6 field strains were amplified by RT-PCR using three pairs of primers of 1.7, 0.2, 0.6 kb on same and different condition, 3, 5, 9 strains of IBV were amplified respectively. While 12 different sentypes of the 12 IBV strains can be divided in 6 genotypes.

用1.7、0.2、0.6 kb 3对引物对6个IBV毒株和6个分离株的含毒尿囊液在相同和不同条件下进行RT-PCR，结果3对引物分别扩增出3、5、9株IBV，同时可将不同血清型的12个IBV株分成6种基因型。

Fragments from the 239th to the 944th nucleotide of the coding regions of all actin mRNAs were amplified with two actin specific primers. Fragments from the 239th nucleotide of the coding region to the end of actin mRNAs were also amplified The electrophoresis results were compared between the macropterous and brachypterous brown planthoppers.

利用两条肌动蛋白特异性引物，扩增出了肌动蛋白基因mRNA的编码区片段，另外，将肌动蛋白特异性引物作为上游引物，将与3'锚定反转录引物部分序列相同的引物作为下游引物，扩增出了从肌动蛋白基因mRNA的编码区第239号碱基到Poly尾的这段cDNA，并在翅型之间作了比较。

Studies on genetic diversity: 252 bands were amplified by 20 primers in Carya cathayensis ,168 bands were polymorphic and PPB was 66.7%. 238 bands were amplified by 20 primers in C.dabieshanensis .162 bands were polymorphic and PPB was 68.1%.

群体遗传多样性研究：20条引物在山核桃群体中共扩增出252条谱带，其中，多态性条带168条，PPB为66.7％；20条引物在大别山山核桃群体中共扩增出238条谱带，其中，多态性条带162条，PPB达68.1％。

Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of theprojectile"s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory"s migration withdifferent projectile"s rotating speeds, different target"s moving speeds and differentpenetration angles.

通过比较数值模拟的结果来研究不同弹头转速、目标速度、侵彻角对侵彻过程中弹头最终速度、翻转角度和弹道偏移的影响。

I love stationery and all the accoutrement of writing.

我爱文具以及所有的书写的工具装备。