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The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol in air as probe reaction was performed without any organic solvent or cocatalyst, and the influences of the amount of metal porphyrin, reaction pressure, reaction temperature and reaction time on the catalytic activity were investigated.

以空气氧化环己烷制备环己酮和环己醇为探针反应，在不加入任何有机溶剂或助催化剂的条件下考察了金属卟啉用量、反应压力、温度、时间等对其催化活性的影响。

Effects on the reaction of factors such as reactant ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature were investigated, and optimum reaction conditions were determined as follows: mole ratio of cyanuric chloride to ethylamine to sodium hydroxide to sodium methyl mercaptide was 1:2.1:2.0:1.7, and the temperature and time of the first, second, and third substitution reactions were -2, 0, and 82℃ and 30, 60, and 180 min, respectively.

讨论了原料配比、反应时间和反应温度等因素对反应的影响，获得了较佳的反应条件。较佳反应条件为三聚氯氰：乙胺：氢氧化钠：甲硫醇钠＝l：2.1：2.0：1.7，第一、第二、第三取代反应的反应温度和反应时间分别为-2℃、0℃、82℃和30、60、180min。

The results were as follows:(1) Reaction-time is a distinguishable item;(2)Reaction-time of seamen is longer than seafaring students;(3)Reaction-time are different of age group;(4)Reaction-time got one or two difference of seaman s work age,sailing age,headship,education,source and marriage.

结果表明：①反应时是一项鉴别力很高的项目；②海员的反应比航海专业学员的反应时长；③不同年龄海员组的反应时存在差异；④海员的其它个人特征如工龄、海龄、职务、学历、来源和婚否的不同对反应时的影响只表现在其中的个别方面或没有影响。

Cyclic voltammetry indicated that there were Cr→Cr, Cr →Cr oxidation reaction on anode, while there were Cr→Cr, Cr→Cr, Cr →Cr deoxidization reaction on cathode. The graphite electrodes treated by acid and heating could enhance the reversibility and kinetic of the electrode reaction. The nature graphite electrodes had been eroded during charge/discharge process, while the graphite electrodes by activation could avoide corroding by hexad chromium ion. The reversibility and kinetic of the electrode reaction of chromium ion on activation electrode had been increased, so which indicated that graphite surface augment oxygenous function corps which could increase electrode hydrophile capability.

循环伏安实验表明：铬液流电池的电极反应非常复杂，在阳极存在Cr→Cr，Cr→Cr的氧化反应，在阴极存在Cr→Cr，Cr→Cr，Cr→Cr的还原反应；热处理的石墨电极和重铬酸钾处理的石墨电极能提高电极反应的活性和可逆性；在充放电实验中未处理的石墨电极发生严重腐蚀；分别用这两种方法处理过的石墨电极具有防止六价铬侵蚀的功能；铬离子在活化处理过的石墨电极上的反应活性和可逆性增加，可以认为：重铬酸钾溶液活化处理和加热处理后的石墨表面的含氧官能团增加，电极亲水性增强。

The effects of different factors on the laser-induced graft polymerization on the PET surface were analyzed, and the mechanisms were discussed. The factors were: 1 Monomers with smaller molecules resulted in better modification than polymeric monomers. Acrylamide monomer was chosen as hydrophilic modifier finally; 2 Higher concentration of the monomer solution favored the graft reaction; 3 With the increasing laser fluence, the surface hydrophilicity of PET films increased at first, then decreased. More laser pulses led to a more hydrophilic surface; 4 Benzophenone as a photosensitizer hindered the graft polymerization; 5 The homopolymer retardant of ammonium iron sulfate hexahydrate in a proper concentration retarded the formation of homopolymers and promotes the graft copolymerization; 6 The solvent of monomer solution also affected the graft reaction. Different solvents functioned in different ways. Ethanol can promote the graft reaction because of the activity of hydrogen in its structure; 7 pH value of the monomer solution affects the polymerization rate, and a lower pH value was favorable to the graft reaction.

这些影响因素的作用分别为：1小分子单体的表面改性效果好，确定以丙烯酰胺为亲水性改性单体；2较高的单体溶液浓度有利于接枝反应；3激光能量密度增大，薄膜表面亲水性先显著增强，后又减弱；激光脉冲次数越多，改性后表面亲水性越强；4光敏剂BP对PET表面接枝聚合反应有阻碍作用；5适当浓度的均聚物抑制剂六水合硫酸铁铵能减少单体均聚物的生成，促进接枝聚合；6单体溶液的溶剂也影响接枝聚合的反应进程，不同溶剂的影响作用原理不同，含较活泼氢的乙醇能促进接枝反应；7溶液pH值影响单体聚合速率，pH值较低有利于接枝反应。

Results show that 4-oxo-β-ionone is the major product with yield of 53.5% under the conditions as follows: reaction temperature 45℃, reaction time 24 h, the molar ratio of n: n(NaClO3): n 20: 100: 3, and pH value of solution in 1-3; on the other hand, 5,6-epoxy-β-ionone is major product with yield of 25.4% when reaction temperature is 40℃, reaction time is 24 h, the molar ratio of n: n(NaClO3): n is 20: 120: 5, and pH values of solution is 3. The excessive β-ionone can be recovered by vacuum distillation for reusing again. 4-oxo-β-ionone and 5,6-epoxy-3-ionone were purified by recrystallization and silica gel column chromatograph respectively with the purity over 98%.

研究结果表明：氯酸钠氧化β-紫罗兰酮的反应主要生成4-氧代－β-紫罗兰酮和5，6-环氧－β-紫罗兰酮，经重结晶和硅胶柱层析分离，纯度高于98%；4-氧代－β-紫罗兰酮的有利合成条件是反应温度为45℃，反应时间为24h，溶液的pH值为1~3，反应物配比n：n(NaClO3)：n为20：100：3，最佳收率为53.5%；5，6-环氧－β-紫罗兰酮有利的合成条件是反应温度为40℃，反应时间为24h，溶液的pH值为3，反应物配比n：n(NaClO3)：n为20：120：5，其收率为25.4%；未反应的β-紫罗兰酮经减压蒸馏回收后可重复使用。

Through mechanism analyzing on the process of producing HMT , it was known that because the resistance of isobutylene was small ,the yield of outgrowth in such a reaction system was little and the yield of reaction was as high as 86%. 2,3-dimethyI-butene-2 had the biggest resistance and lowest yield of reaction of 18%. 2,3-dimethyl-butene-l had bigger resistance than isobutylene and more outgrowth than isobutyles but its yield of reaction could reach 70%.

通过对上述三种烯烃合成HMT的研究可知，由于新己烯位阻小，反应中副反应少，收率高达86％：而2，3—二甲基—丁烯—2的位阻最大，反应中副反应最多，反应收率最高仅为18％；2，3—二甲基—丁烯—1的位阻比新己烯大，反应副产物比新己烯多，但反应收率仍可达70％。

The formation of our 1D nickel wires can be ascribed to the cooperative effect of the reaction rate and magnetic field.The reaction rate in the system is controlled mainly by adjusting the reactant concentration when other reaction conditions are fixed.When the concentration of Ni~(2+) is low,the reaction rate is correspondingly slow,so the complex[Ni(N_2H_4)_x]~(2+) preferentially migrates to the magnetic line of force since paramagnetic metal ions are attracted toward the maximum field.

当反应物Ni~(2+)浓度较低时，反应速率相对较慢，[Ni(N_2H_4)_x]~(2+)优先选择迁移到磁力线附近并且沿着磁力线方向排列，导致电极电势增大，于是[Ni(N_2H_4)_x]~(2+)的化学还原反应也是沿着磁力线发生，结果导致了镍纳米线的形成。

Finally, pentyl acetate and benteine could be respectively synthesized by esterification reaction in the presence of nanometer rare earth composite solid superacids (SO_4)~(2-)/ZrO_2-Gd_2O_3 and (SO_4)~(2-)/ZrO_2-Nd_2O_3. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, the mol ratio of acid to alcohol and the use level of catalyst on esterification yield were discussed. In the end, we obtained their optimal reaction conditions.

采用纳米稀土复合固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2-Gd_2O_3，SO_4~(2-)，~/ZrO_2-Nd_2O_3分别合成了乙酸戊酯和乙酸苄酯两种香料，实验考察了反应时间、反应温度、醇酸比及催化剂的用量对酯化率的影响，并由此得出反应的最佳条件。

This complex reaction was phenolic electronic substitution reaction, so reaction rate was related with the positive electricity of pro-electronic reagent, as well as the form of aromatic hydrocarbons. Rates of chlorination of phenol and 2-monochlorophenol were faster in alkaline water than that in weak acid water, so 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol formation concentrations increased with the reaction time.

该复合反应属于酚类电子取代反应，反应速率与亲电子试剂的阳电性以及芳香烃的形式有关，碱性水环境中氯取代苯酚和2-一氯酚的速率要快于在弱酸性水环境；随着pH的升高，2，4-DCP和2，4，6-TCP的生成浓度也不断增加。

As of Tuesday, Google's results were still censored in China.

截至周二，谷歌的搜索结果仍受中国审查。

In order to make the positive action increase and negative one decrease, the sub-forces of the social factors must be adjusted to form a centripetal force.

在这一过程中，人的主体性发挥是社会有机体健康发展的灵魂。