查询词典 actuarial evidence

Anglo-American scholars think evidence rules should be aimed to admissibility of evidence, while Chinese scholars think evidence rules should be to evidential operation such as collecting evidence, producing evidence, impeaching evidence, recognizing evidence, etc. In Anglo-American law system those evidence rules which regulate competency of evidence are the key rules, while in China those rules regulating competency of evidence plays an equal important role together with those rules regulating power of evidence.

其一，英美学者理解的证据规则针对证据的可采性，而中国学者的理解则侧重于规范证据的运行；其二，证据发达国家的证据规则以规范证据能力的规则为主，中国的证据立法中对规范证据能力的证据规则与规范证据力的证据规则两者孰主孰次的问题却采取了模棱两可的态度，甚至出现了以规范证据证明力规则为主的倾向。

This chapter also explains,with theexamples of judicial practice,the application of the law of eliminating the evidence,whichis divided into two categories:(1)confession evidence,which is subdivided intoconfession evidence of the accused and confession evidence of the one other than theaccused;(2)material evidence(i.e.non-confessional evidence),bugging evidence,poligraph test evidence,etc.

并以司法实践说明证据排除法则的应用，将之分为关于陈述证据，内容再细分为被告之陈述证据、被告以外之陈述证据、关于物的证据、窃听证据、测谎证据等类别，加以深入探讨程序公正证据法则的效力。

Third, the analysis to the content and constitute of the rule of efficient criminal evidence in China. The material contents of the rule of criminal evidence in national law include three parts: the rule of achieving evidence and the rule of providing evidence and the rule of affirming evidence. In this part, through the assay of the content and composing of the rule of criminal evidence, the penman expounds the shortage of current law in China.

比找国刑事证据制度本部分通过对刑事诉讼证据制度内容构成分析，指出我国现行关于刑事诉讼证据法律规定的不足之处；四、我国现行刑事证据制度的改革和完善；分析我国现行刑事证据制度的不足，针对刑事审判的实际，提出几点改革和完善的意见：设立污点证人'制度；确立非法证据有限排除规则；完善证人出庭制度。

Finally, for ensuring performance of insurance and endowment insurance, this paper compares partial accumulation with pay-as-you-go and funds system, constructs an actuarial model of partial accumulation system, discusses actuarial estimate of shout costs and debts, long costs and debts about endowment insurance, then this paper further considers how to preserve and increase pension funds value and put forwards investment strategies based on the portfolio insurance technique to insure the performance for the going endowment policy.

最后，为保证保险和养老保险的发展绩效，比较了目前实行的部分积累的养老保险制度同现收现付、基金制对经济的影响，构建了部分积累的养老保险制度下的精算模型，讨论了养老保险短期与长期的成本与债务的精算估计，在此基础上进一步思考了现行养老保险制度绩效的保证——积累形成的养老保险基金实现保值增值的问题，提出了运用组合保险技术的投资策略。

Actuarial science applies mathematical methods in insurance and is a science between applied mathematics and insurance. Bonus-malus system of automobile insurance is an important topic in actuarial science. Markov chain, Bayes theory, the theory of delay differential equation and dynamic programming are used to study BMS, especially optimal BMS, of automobile third-party liability insurance in this dissertation, which is organized as follows:First, we study the properties of Chinese present BMS.

精算学是将数学方法应用于金融保险所形成的一套理论体系，是应用数学研究领域和金融保险研究领域这两者之间的一个边缘学科，汽车保险奖惩系统是现代精算学中的一个重要研究课题，本文主要用马尔可夫链、贝叶斯理论、时滞微分方程理论与动态规划等研究汽车第三者责任保险奖惩系统，特别是最优奖惩系统。

We can calculate reserve using the insurance actuarial functions.The uncertainty insurance actuarial functions are mortality rate and the interest rate.Mortality can be decided by large amount of empirical data.

责任准备金的计算可以由保险精算函数得到，函数中的不确定性包括死亡率和利率，在有大量经验数据的情况下可以选择合适的死亡率假设。

17 October 1991: The People's Bank of China formed a leadership taskforce led by Misters Qin Daofu, Li Jiahua and Wang Enshao, to draft the China Insurance Law. As a member of the working team, Mr. Fu Anping, newly graduated from the Actuarial Master Program of Nankai University, was responsible for the part concerning the solvency margin and the regulation of actuarial profession.

年 10 月，中国人民银行保险司启动了&中 The Development of the Profession 1991 年 10 月 17 日，中国人民银行成立以秦道夫，李嘉华，王恩韶为组长的&保险法起草小组，负责起草中国保险法草案，其中负责有关保险公司偿付能力和精算相关内容的，是刚从南开大学毕业的精算研究生傅安平先生。

This article focuses on the collection system in our country in the Civil Evidence that the two main parties and the courts the right to collect evidence and perfect the collection of evidence for the parties to focus on collecting evidence of their right to procedural safeguards; for the court focused primarily on the collection of its ex officio evidence of the limitations and restrictions of power.

本文将着重研究我国民事证据收集制度中两大主体即当事人和法院的证据收集权利及其完善，对于当事人证据收集侧重于对其证据收集权利的程序保障；对于法院主要侧重于对其依职权收集证据权力的限制和约束。

The rule of criminal evidence includes rules and principles and prescripts about the concepts of evidence in criminal proceeding and achieving evidence and providing evidence and affirming evidence, which are ruled and affirmed in law.

刑事证据制度是指法律规定和确认的关于刑事诉讼的证据及相关概念，以及在刑事诉讼中取证、举证、确证的规则、原则和具体性规定。

The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations:(1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise.

对证人的可靠性可以通过意见证据或名声证据的形式予以质疑或支持，但受下列限制：(1)证据只能针对可信或不可信的品行，并且(2)关于可信品行的证据，只能在该证人的可信品行已受到意见证据或名声证据或其他证据的质疑之后，才具有可采性。

Green function defined inphase space differs from one in coordinate space by its struc-ture which exhibits nonlocatity in coordinates and oscillatorybehavior with respect to momenta.

在相空间中定义的Green函数不同于通常坐标空间的Green函数，在结构上显示出对坐标的高度非局域性，而对动量则显示出振荡行为。

The upper front part of a saddle;a saddlebow.

前鞍桥马鞍前面的上部分；前鞍桥