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While the trends in global academy and attraction of new theoretical paradigms indeed play role in shaping academic interests and fashions among academic communities, we also need to look at this process sociologically.

当学术界中新的理论范式的风潮改写着学界的兴趣和研究的风向标的同时，我们需要以社会学的眼光审视这一过程。

This paper has studied the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony, and expect to provide academic basis for extending its view value and economic benefit . The main results are as the following:1 Under the field condition, Characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony are very regular. From before blooming to the prophase of abducting buds that after blooming ,that is April,May and June,the net photosynthetic rate of tree peony is higher than the other period .It indicates that this period is very important for accumulating photosynthetic products of tree peony . So, if we want to get quality flower of tree peony ,it is very important to strengthen the management of tree peony cultivation and to ensure provide the fertilizer and water.2 From the middle ten days of June, with the time elapsing and with the environment conditions worsening, the characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony decline deeply. But it is different among different tree peony breeds. For example , cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng can also has higher net photosynthetic rate, it indicates that cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng is super than the other two tree peony breeds when adapting the environment conditions and cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng has wide prospect to extend .3 The main factors of effecting the characteristics of photosynthesis are stomatal factor and non-stomatal factor ,that is the ability of photosynthesis of leaf cells. Under the environment of high light intensity in midsummer, if overshadow tree peony properly, then it can slow the declining of chlorophyll content, and increase the net photosynthetic rate and benefit for the accumulating of photosynthetic products.4 The content of soluble sugar in the root of tree peony is the highest among different organs during the period of forming strong buds . According to analyse ,we believe that the soluble sugar will compose starch then, and provide the solid base of material for the growth and development next year. It provide us strong academic basis of adopting the method of cultivating root and protecting root under thefield environment conditions .In other words ,it will help to increase the health level of the whole plant of tree peony and will be beneficial to forming quality tree peony flower if we strengthen the management of root. 5 To tree peony, the endogenesis hormone is important for its growth and development .In the prophase ,that is about the blooming of tree peony and the mid-summer ,IAA and ZR contents are higher and GA content is lower and its changes are very little, and the content of ABA is decreasing . This indicates that IAA and ZR act the important promote function for growth and development of tree peony in this period, and the function of GA is not important. Bur in the period of anniversary senescence of tree peony , the content of IAA and ZR begin to decrease ,while the ABA content has a certain rebound .T

本研究对几个牡丹品种壮芽形成过程中的某些生理生化变化做了研究，以期了解牡丹生长发育过程中生理生化的变化规律，探讨大田栽培条件下提高牡丹花质量的栽培措施和管理技术，为提高牡丹的观赏价值和经济效益提供理论依据，结果如下：1 大田栽培条件下，牡丹光合特性在生长发育过程中表现出极强的规律性，牡丹各品种的光合速率从牡丹开花前，到牡丹花谢后的花芽诱导期前期（6月10日之前），也就是在4、5、6月份，各牡丹品种的净光合速率相对与其他时间都维持在比较高的水平，这说明，在这段时间，是牡丹光合产物积累的重要时期，因此，要保证得到高质量的牡丹花，在这段时间加强对牡丹的栽培管理，保证这个时期的肥水供应十分重要。2 从6月中旬后，随时间的推移，环境条件的恶化，牡丹的光合性能剧烈下降，但是不同牡丹品种间仍有差异，比如，乌龙捧盛仍可维持较高的光合水平，这说明了乌龙捧盛这个牡丹品种对于环境的适应性较之其他牡丹品种高，有着广泛的推广前景。3 影响牡丹光合性能的主要因子是气孔因素和非气孔因素即叶肉细胞的光合能力，在盛夏高温高光强的环境条件下，对牡丹进行适当遮荫，能缓解牡丹叶绿素水平的下降，适当提高Pn，有利于光合产物的积累。4 可溶性糖在牡丹各品种的壮芽形成过程中，根中可溶性糖的含量在牡丹各部位中始终维持最高水平，分析认为这些可溶性糖在根系中进一步合成淀粉等储藏性物质，为来年牡丹的生长提供雄厚的物质基础，这为我们在大田栽培条件下对牡丹采取养根护根的栽培措施提供了有力的理论依据，即在大田栽培条件下，加强对牡丹根系的管理，有助于提高牡丹整株的健壮程度，有益于形成高质量的牡丹花。5内源激素对牡丹的生长发育调节作用是十分明显的，在前期，即开花前后和盛夏，IAA和ZR含量维持在比较高的水平，GA含量低且变化不明显，ABA含量逐渐降低，说明了IAA和ZR对牡丹在这段时间内的生长发育起到重要的促进作用，GA的作用不是很明显，ABA可能在高温高光强下有明显的升高，也说明了ABA的确有一些促进作用，但是到了牡丹周年衰老期，IAA和ZR的含量开始下降，ABA含量却有了一定程度的反弹，说明了IAA和ZR的作用开始降低，ABA起到了促进衰老的作用

Whose life times exactly is when the Ching dynasty learning trend of thought supersedure , nice textual research of Qian style of study formation, but the Academic circles still lacked the system thorough research. its family culture was prosperous, is continuous the Ming and QingDynasties two dynasties, Academic atmosphere and public morals to inspecting then have fixed typical meaning.

他生活的时代正是清朝学术思潮更替、乾嘉考据学风形成之际，其家族文化昌盛，绵延明清两朝，对考察当时的学风和世风有一定的典型意义，但学界尚缺乏对管世铭及其家族作系统深入研究。

His major academic interests were the study of the novels and dramas of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the study of literary works rediscovered from the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, and the study of the academic history of China.

狩野直喜博士的研究范围主要集中在明清小说和戏曲的研究、敦煌文学研究、支那学术史三个方面。

Since the restoration and reconstruction of Chinese procuratorial institution in 1978, Chinese procuratorial work has been developing flourishingly with the boom of procuratorial theory research, the appearance of numbers of nationwide procuratorial theory research organizations and academic groups, and the formation of a stable prosecution theory research team, which increasingly enables prosecution to become an independent academic discipline.

检察机关恢复重建以来的30年，我国检察事业蓬勃发展，检察理论研究也日趋繁荣，出现了一批全国性的检察理论研究组织和学术团体，培养了一支稳定的检察学理论研究队伍，检察学作为一门独立学科的条件日益成熟。

The preface mainly introduces the current research situation of academic circles on the polemics of "Three Principles of the People" and illustrates the academic aim of the paper.

引言部分主要介绍了学术界关于"三民主义"论战的研究现状及本文力图解决的主要问题，表明了作者的写作目的。

Professor Herbert Tsang, Academic Vice-President, briefed staff members on academic development plans for the next triennium.

同事的忧虑和压力，大学预计在实施了新薪酬及福利架构后，在未来三年毋须启动调节公积

With an introduction to the forming and development of the academic senates , the author explains the idea of shared governance as the theoretical basis of the system of the academic senates . Finally , a brief analysis of the impact of the faculty unionization on the faculty 's role in the university governance is presented .

文章简要回顾了美国一流大学教师在院校管理中所起作用的演变历史，阐述了以共同治理理念为基础的教师评议会制度的形成，发展和完善的过程，并分析了美国学术职业的工会化倾向对美国一流大学中教师在院校管理中所起作用的影响。

The author hold that the academic science is related to the development of so-called mode theory which is used to approve the relation between universal phenomena, while the applied science is connected with how to apply the universal law of the academic science to the practical events in existence and enhancing the human control over the environment, which may lead the development of new technology, new method and new machine.

作者认为，理论科学主要涉及那些一般称为模式的学说的发展。这些学说是用来证实宇宙现象之间的关系。另一方面，应用科学则直接关系到如何把理论科学的通用定律应用到生活的实际事物中去，应用到加强人类对环境的控制上去，从而导致新技术、新方法和新机械的发展。

Really abhorrent, did not sympathize with a person, also pay no attention to what what mauled, return venomously slander, still scold me to say you are sure the head has a problem, can be here how otherwise talk rubbish, gas gets my pop eye to want as academic as her, did not think of to walk out of a man to come, say if you are solid however be be hit by those mop, the issue that also does not involve us, I am so angry that do not have a word to say, because rapid move goes receiving a daughter to classes are over, do not think again as academic as them, but answer,want to feel to subdue more more in the home, but did not cause the accident that weigh an injury to cannot accuse them again, the grievance that wants to hit reporter hot line to let a reporter understand its reason to let its say me in the newspaper is afraid of again fussily.

真可恶，一点都不同情人，也不问是否打伤了什么的，还血口喷人，还骂我说你肯定脑袋有问题，不然怎会在这儿瞎说，气得我瞪大眼睛想与她理论，没想到走出一个男人来，说你假如却实是被那些拖把打到了，也不关我们的事啊，我是气得没话说，由于急着去接女儿放学，不想再与他们理论，可是回到家里越想越觉得委屈，但没造成重伤事故又不能告他们，想打记者热线让记者来了解事情缘由让其登报说说我的委屈又怕小题大做了。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。