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This article in the review related economy long-term growth leadership a motive academic argument foundation, uses the real diagnosis analysis the method, mutually relates from the productivity and the productive relations the angle embarked, proves the technical innovation and system vicissitude in the near modern world economics growth course dialectical interaction relations, Points out that kind lays undue stress on technical innovation or system vicissitude unilaterally decision significance which grows to the economy, and excessively intertwines to two what not only to be easy for the historical initial beginning academic argument to fall into the circulation paradox logic harms the area, moreover to solves the problem which in the current our country social economy development meets also does not have the benefit.

摘 要：本文在回顾有关经济长期增长主导动因的学术争论的基础上，采用实证分析的方法，从生产力与生产关系相互关系的角度出发，论证了技术创新与制度变迁在近现代世界经济增长历程中的辨证互动关系，指出那种片面强调技术创新或者制度变迁对经济增长的单方面决定意义，并过分纠结于两者何为历史最初起点的学术争论不仅容易陷入循环悖论的逻辑误区，而且对解决当前我国社会经济发展中遇到的问题也无所裨益。

First is the functional departments should face the great harm, academic misconducts it as governance in some academic corruption and key management.

首先是职能部门应正视学术造假的巨大危害，把其当作治理行业不正之风和学术腐败的重点进行治理。

In recent years, in company with large numbers of healthy academic research achievements obtained in universities, academic corruption has come into overspreading increasingly.

近年来，大学校园在取得了一大批健康学术科研成果的同时，相伴而来的学术腐败现象也呈现出不断蔓延之势。

Firstly he helped to facilitate the formation and practice of the basic Culture spirits. Secondly he noticed to spread ancient records and academic spirits of the culture, Next by the means of the Office of his Commanding General, he brought about a modern cultural talented group with a large scale. At last he richened greatly the academic intension in the fields of philosophy, literature and history. Furthermore he helped to prompt the course of culture turn of Culture and even the whole China culture with strive in the fields of diplomatic sense, industrial technology, educational pattern.

首先他促成了倔强励志、洋务经世、开放兼融等近代湖湘文化基本精神的形成与实践；其次他关注对湖湘学人及典籍的推介；再次他主要以幕府为途径，在其人才观的指导下促成一个规模庞大的近代湖湘文化人才群体；最后在哲学、文史等领域极大丰富了近代湖湘文化学术内涵，并通过在外交观念、工业技术、教育格局等方面的近代化努力来促使湖湘文化乃至整个传统文化进行近代转型。

As solitaries from before have grown many differences that contain different backgrounds, such as academic fashions, civil economics, political condition, social environment, religious belief, and cultural definition of that dynasty, as well as different personality and temperament. Solitaries have lived up diversified values within regions such as moral cultivation, aesthetic value, knowledge propagation, and academic research in their time.

而历代隐士亦随著当代的学术思潮、民生经济、政治局势、社会风气、宗教信仰、文化内涵等不同的背景，加上个人性格与素养的差异，而在另一种生命型态中，诠释著不同的隐逸特色，发展出更深刻、丰富的隐逸内涵，并在道德修持、艺术审美、知识传布、学术研究等方面，彰显著多样化的价值。

It considers that the academic stand of Emperor Kang Xi's Scriptures is venerating Song Xue especially the zhu-zi Xue, while the scholarly tenet is the middle course, and the academic pursue is exclusive authority.

明确了御纂诸经宋学为宗尤其是朱子学为宗的学术立场、折中调和的学术宗旨、定于一尊的学术追求，还重点关注了御纂诸经凡例与《五经大全》凡例之间的承袭关系。

Research is undertaken in all 28 academic schools and the vast majority of the University's academic staff are working in areas which are acknowledged by independent assessors as undertaking work of national and international significance.

研究是在所有28所学校的学术人员和绝大多数大学的从事的领域的人。是公认的独立评审作为开展工作的国家并且具有国际意义。

This article is based on the arrangement and appraisal of academic thought and practice of Richard Hoggart—the founder of the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies, trying to explore the historical background of the rise and development of British Cultural Studies, and investigating the basic academic position and the research characteristic of the early cultural studies.

本文将以教育这一特殊视角来探寻西方文化研究的源头，在当时英国知识分子的知识实践和时代追问中理解文化研究产生的必然性及其重大意义，置身于当时的历史文化语境，对伯明翰学派的奠基者——理查德·霍加特的学术思想和教育实践进行梳理和评价，试图发掘英国文化研究兴起及发展的历史机缘和时代意义，并以此来进一步探究早期文化研究的基本学术主张和研究特色。

He had a rich and varied non-academic life as a government official and adviser, journalist, speculator, academic administrator, and member of the Cambridge Apostles and the Bloomsbury group.

他的非学术生涯，丰富多变。他做过政府官员、政府顾问、专栏作家、投机家、学术管理人员、&剑桥使徒&和&布鲁斯伯里学派&的成员。

Challenge Cup National Science and Technology works by students in extra-curricular academic competitions as a platform for scientific and technological innovation of university students is to enhance academic research capacity of university students the main way is to develop students sense of innovation, creativity and competencies important means.

挑战杯全国大学生课外学术科技作品竞赛作为大学生科技创新的平台，是提高大学生学术科研能力的主要途径，是培养大学生创新意识、创新思维和能力的重要手段。

Although translator has turned from being a crystal ball by which the original culture can unrestrainedly penetrate to another crystal ball by which the target culture can freely traverse, the translator's personal embodiment, in the process of cognitive act, are still absent in translation studies. Translators are still subjects without body or simply disembodied subjects.

译者虽然由原语文化可以自由穿透的玻璃球变成了译语文化可以自由穿越的玻璃球，但译者认知过程中的个体体验在翻译研究中依然缺席，译者依然仅仅是一个没有躯体体验的主体。

Chillingly, he claimed our technology is 'not nearly as sophisticated' as theirs and "had they been hostile", he warned 'we would be been gone by now'.

令人毛骨悚然的，他声称我们的技术是'并不那么复杂，像他们一样，和"如果他们敌意"，他警告说，'我们将现在已经过去了。