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wordpoint包括以下字典：英语-法语，法语-英语，英语-西班牙语，西班牙语-英语，英语-德语，德语-英语，法语-德语，德语-法语，德语-西班牙语，西班牙语-德语，英语-意大利语，意大利-英语，英语-葡萄牙语，英语-荷兰语，英语-丹麦语，英语-瑞典语，英语-俄语，英语-波兰语，英语-捷克语，英语-匈牙利语，英语-斯洛文尼亚语，英语-希腊语，英语-土耳其语，英语-希伯来文，希伯来文英语及英语-阿拉伯语。

The logic way of thought of this thesis is culture, teacher culture and teacher culture of balkanization. This thesis starts with the definition of teacher culture, and teacher groups, and teacher culture of balkanization. Secondly, on the basis of definition and comparing domestic and overseas studies, this thesis analyzes the features of teacher culture of balkanization and its form of representation. Thirdly, this thesis explores the reason of the forming of teacher culture of balkanization from three angles of view, namely individual angle, organizational angle and social angle. Fourthly, this thesis analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of teacher culture of balkanization in a dialectic way. Fifthly, the thesis ends up with principles and strategies for modifying teacher culture of balkanization.

本文首先对教师文化、教师派别以及派别主义教师文化做了概念上的界定，在此基础上，参照中西方研究深入剖析了派别主义教师文化的特征，归纳了派别主义教师文化的具体表现形式；从个人层面、组织层面以及社会层面三个维度详实探讨了派别主义教师文化的形成原因；以辩证的观点全面分析了派别主义教师文化存在的合理性与弊端；在对合理性和弊端全面分析的基础上主要针对派别主义教师文化的弊端提出了矫正原则与策略；在对全文整体把握的高度上，本文认为应当采用审慎的变革态度和方式对派别主义教师文化进行恰当取舍，对于实质上是团体个人主义的派别主义文化，其解决的根本途径是走向合作。

We opened the campus radio, teacher Zhan Ming-ying, and broadcasters, correspondents dedicated the beautiful audio-visual works with perseverance to everyone; we have compiled and published our own newspaper,"Journal of LQ Middle School"; our blackboard newspaper, and cultural fields are more standardized and regular ; we have organized the celebration of "Women's Day" and Teacher's Day, We organized faculty members to go out for inspection, carried out teachers and staffs Red song concerts; we held exchange activitives with No.5 Middle School of Anqing, Changling secondary schools, Taihu Dashi secondary school, LQ primary school, Bohu primary school; we held a school-based training courseware, organized all the teachers listened to local experts, Yang Jiedong's thematic reports, teacher Wei Shusheng's video report, organized the head teachers to listen to the national top video of the head teacher report , organized the teacher to Nanjing and Shanghai and Anqing Teachers College in groups for refresher training, seriously at all levels of teaching and research activities; officially formed a faculty basketball team and on behalf of LQ village took part in the county's National Day competition; teacher Zhu Hongmin and Xu Chunming represented our school to take part in "springs Cup" Table Tennis competition; we brought in the dance team of the county college for the old to perform; we held the graduation ceremony of the 2009 session; we hold regularly the reading and speaking contest for students, the English showing, the teachers Courseware competition, young and middle-class high-quality math and English classes Contest quality; we hold table tennis competition, successfully held the second session of the school track and field sports; General League branch, and students' union held activities to commemorate the earthquake in Wenchuan and commemorate teacher Li Jinhua , has organized fund-raising activities for many times; branch of the Praty, Representatives of the staffs, General branch of the League, and students union held a successful general election; Organized CDC of county and township hospitals for free medical examinations for students, extensively carried out the publicity of combating TB and the prevention and control and we have safely passed in 2009!

我们开通了校园广播，詹铭瑛老师和播音员、通讯员持之以恒地把精美的视听作品奉献给了大家；我们编辑出版了自己的报纸《凉泉中学报》；我们的板报和文化栏更加规范化、经常化；我们举办了三八节和教师节的庆祝活动，组织了教职工外出考察，开展了教职工红歌演唱会；我们举行了与安庆五中、长岭中学、太湖大石中学、凉泉小学、泊湖小学的校际交流活动；我们举行了校本课件制作培训、组织全体教师聆听了本土专家杨结东主任的主题报告、魏书生老师的录像报告、组织了班主任老师聆听全国十佳优秀班主任的录像报告、分批组织了老师到南京到上海到安庆师范学院进修培训、认真参与各级教研活动；正式组建了教工篮球队并代表凉泉乡参加了全县国庆比赛；朱红敏和徐春明老师代表学校参加了凉泉乡五四&清泉杯&乒乓球比赛；我们请来了县老年大学的舞蹈队来校演出；我们隆重举行了2009届毕业典礼；我们定期举行了学生读书演讲比赛、英语风采大赛、老师课件制作比赛、中青年数学优质课和英语优质课大赛；我们分校区举办了全校乒乓球比赛，成功举办了第二届全校田径运动会；团总支和学生会举行了纪念汶川大地震的活动、纪念李精华老师的活动、多次组织了募捐活动；党支部、教代会、团总支和学生会成功举行了换届选举；组织县疾控中心和乡卫生院免费为学生体检，广泛开展了防治结核病和防控甲型流感的宣传，平安地度过了2009年！

The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

The second part theoretically explains the connotation, the characteristic and the significance of the teacher's research in the processing evaluation .the teacher's research in the processing evaluation is that the teacher as the main researcher, in view of the question encountering during the processing evaluation, carries on the motion research in the help of the specialized researcher's instruction, mainly in the mutual help of the teacher companion; It is that the teacher carries on the research in this specific domain of the processing evaluation, so it belongs to the category of teacher's research. And it has common character ,such as practicality, openness and scientific nature which the teacher's research has, simultaneously it also has own research character such as productive nature and processive nature ; It has the significant practical significance in regarding of the processing evaluation ,the teacher career development and the students development.

过程性评价中教师研究是教师作为研究主体，针对在过程性评价过程中遇到的问题，在专业研究人员指导下，主要是在教师同伴互助下进行的行动研究；它是教师在过程性评价这个特定领域中进行的应用研究，属于教师研究的范畴，具有教师研究的一般特点如实践性、公开性和科学性，同时也具有自身的研究特点如生成性和过程性；其对于过程性评价、教师专业发展和学生的发展都有重大的意义。

This dissertation puts forwards more comprehensions to teacher life on the basis of interior teacher research: teacher life is realized in the educational activities; there are stimulative relations betweens teacher life and students lives, individual teacher life and other teacher lives; self-development consciousness and need is the important motion of teacher life development; the common research and study between the teachers plays a important role in the individual life development;"the creative wisdom" is the central embodiment of teacher life development.

本文在国内教师生命研究的基础上，提出，了自己对教师生命的进一步理解：教师的生命价值主要是在教育活动中实现的；教师的生命与学生及其他教师的生命发展是相互促进的；教师的自我发展意识和需求是教师生命发展的重要动力；教师群体的共同研究、相互学习对教师个体生命成长具有重要作用；教师的&创造性智慧&是教师生命发展的集中体现。

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

In recent years,the course is undertaking a series of reform in English teaching.We began to develop computer- aided teaching in the year of 2003 and have successfully created a very soft English campus environment by managing and organizing all kinds of colorful English activities such as English Speech Contest, English island, English movies, English essay-reciting etc. We have worked out a reform plan including curriculum setting, textbook establishing, teacher training,teaching research,teaching modes,assessment reform etc. The principle of the reform is listening and speaking first followed by reading and writing, teaching according to the students'levels and making good use of the resources in English teaching.

本学科积极进行教学改革，从2003年开始，实行多媒体教学，初见成效；同时，开展了英语演讲比赛、英语岛、英语美文背诵大赛、原声影院等丰富多彩、形式多样的第二课堂活动，对优化学生英语学习环境、营造校园文化氛围起到了积极的作用。2006年，学科根据国家教育部大学英语教学改革有关文件精神，制定了2006-2010教学改革方案，方案包括课程设置、教材建设、师资队伍建设、教学研究、教学模式、成绩考核等方面，教学改革总的原则是：听说领先，读写跟上，分级教学，充分利用教学资源。

College english, english grammar, intermediate english reading, intermediate oral english, superior english writing, theoretical and practical translation, history and anthology of american literature, professional english, theory and practice of international trade, superior english listening, interpretation, business english correspondence, accounting, business spoken english, book-keeping.

基础英语，英语语法。英语中级阅读，英语中级口语，高级英语写作与修辞，翻译理论与实践，英美文学简史及选读，高级英语，国际经贸理论与实务，英语高级视听，口译，外贸业务与函电，经贸会计，经贸口语，薄记。

The author probes into the negative factors in the actual teacher evaluation that hinder teacher"s professional evaluation. For example, the disjoint between the evaluation activities and teacher professional activities results in the school"s neglection of teacher"s professional development. The dorminent principle "cute of efficiency" leads to the losing of teacher"s subject. The up-to-down evaluation system . What is more,the actual teacher"s evaluation not only goes against the atmosphere which helps teachers to develop their professions, but alsobrings about the spread of the "diploma education.

诸如：评价活动和专业发展活动的严重脱节导致中小学校对教师专业发展的忽视；效率主义的评价体制下，教师主体性的缺失导致教师缺乏反思的意识和反思的能力；自上而下的评价制度不符合专业组织的特征；现行教师评价不利于在学校内营造专业发展的氛围；重&学历&、重&文凭&的评价导向致使教师不重视在职的学习和提高等等。

More direct, directer ; most direct, directest

径直的，笔直的

Do you know how to use a chain saw?

你知道如何使用链锯吗？