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The results indicate that female wasps deposit HMPs on the chorion of host eggs with her ovipositor near the end of egg-laying process. Na ye females do not posses the ability for recognizing the marking pheromones and have to obtain the ability though the learning process, in which the wasp inserts her ovipositor into a host egg to determine whether the egg has been parasitized followed by antennal drumming on the exterior. Once the learning process is completed, the female wasp will be able to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts and reject a parasitized egg by simply drumming on the exterior of the egg. Learning plays an important role in reducing initial rejection time when an unsuitable host is encountered. Female wasps of T. astriniae can quickly learn to associate the presence of a HMP on host egg chrion with the internal status of the egg.

研究结果表明，玉米螟赤眼蜂的寄主标记信息素是在其产卵过程中的收场阶段由产卵器产生的，并且标记在寄主卵表的化学物质；玉米螟赤眼蜂对标记信息素的识别不具有先天性，其必须先用产卵器插入寄生卵来检测是否被寄生，然后其触角不停地敲击，通过学习获得对标记信息素的识别能力，从而放弃了对寄生卵的选择，学习对初始放弃时间有着重要影响，改善了其对寄主搜索效率，这种学习行为是与寄主联系在一起学习的，它能根据寄主被寄生与否而对标记信息素作出反应与不反应。

Plutella xylostella larvae of a strain highly resistant to spinosad were used as hosts to rear the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae. When the parasitoids had developed to the stage of early instar larva, the host larvae were treated with 50 mg/L spinosad on the terga by topical application and then fed with cabbage leaves treated with 50 mg/L spinosad to allow the host larvae and the parasitoid larvae to develop. Three days after treatment, the parasitoid larvae inside the host were collected by dissecting the host larvae. The body fluid of P. xylostella and the bodies of parasitoid larvae were then analyzed with HPLC. Both of the active components, spinosyn A and spinosyn D, of spinosad were detected in the body fluid of host larvae and in the bodies of parasitoid larvae, and the residue concentrations were 2.79 mg/L and 0.94 mg/L in the host and the parasitoid respectively.

以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫作为菜蛾绒茧蜂Cotesia plutellae的寄主，待绒茧蜂发育到1龄幼虫时，将浓度为50 mg/L的多杀菌素点滴到寄主幼虫背板上，随后让寄主幼虫取食经50 mg/L多杀菌素处理过的甘蓝叶片，寄主幼虫和其体内的蜂幼虫再发育3天后，将寄主幼虫解剖取出蜂幼虫，用高效液相色谱法对经多杀菌素处理的小菜蛾幼虫体液以及绒茧蜂幼虫匀浆液进行检测，结果多杀菌素的2个活性成分spinosyn A和spinosyn D均被检测到，两者的多杀菌素残留浓度分别是2.79 mg/L和0.94 mg/L。

A host of industries, in countries from India to Ecuador, want help from their governments.

从印度到厄瓜多尔，世界各国的各个行业都在翘首企盼政府的帮助。

The native plants are crucial to the forest ecosystem, Rogers says, because they provide food for a host of other species, from wild turkeys to insects.

罗杰斯说，因为本土植物为从野火鸡到昆虫等等许多其他物种提供了食物，所以它们对森林的生态系统起着至关重要的作用。

A host of consultancies has sprung up to teach firms how to listen to women and exploit their special abilities.

现已涌现了一大批咨询机构教导企业如何听取女性的意见和利用她们独特的能力。

Commercial products are already being sold by a host of companies such as Perpetuum in Britain and Ferro Solutions, Midé Technology, KCF, TPL and MicroStrain in America.

一些公司已经推出相关的商业产品，包括英国的Perpetuum公司，美国的Ferro Solutions， Midé Technology， KCF以及TPL等公司。

Cultural wealth is also in abundance, with a host of interesting museums including the Apartheid Museum, Constitution Hill and the world acclaimed Soweto.

约翰内斯堡也有着丰厚的文化底蕴，有大量妙趣横生的博物馆，包括种族隔离博物馆、宪法丘，以及世界著名的索韦托。

But it's an important bush, providing browse for a host of ungulates.

但是，这是一个重要的灌木，提供浏览的主机有蹄类动物。

It has two 80,000-seat venues — Wembley and Twickenham — and a host of other sports venues.

它有两座可容纳8万观众的场馆－Wenbley和Twickenhan－和其他运动的场馆。

There is good news for Coach Didier Deschamps though as a host of men who missed the 1-1 draw at the San Paolo should be available for the Pescara tie in Turin on Saturday.

内德维德和特雷泽盖已经从支气管炎和肌肉的问题中解脱，这些问题导致他们无法参加上场比赛。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。