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The metallograph, x-ray diffraction, TEM, EMPA and XPS technigues were used to research the microstructure, phase structure, microhardness, composition, Valence of composed elements, internal stress of coatings, and to measure the wear-resistance and resistance to high-temperature oxidation, too.

文中应用金相分析、X-射线衍射法、透射电镜、电子探针显微分析法和X-射线光电子谱法等手段研究了N膜的显微组织、相结构、显微硬度、膜层成分、组成元素的价态和膜层内应力等性能；还测定了铝合金表面的N膜的耐磨性和抗高温氧化性能。

Scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,circular dichroism and small-angle X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the aggregation mode of CSG in the organogel phase.A hierarchical self-assembly model was proposed to explain the transition from molecular to primary and secondary structure.It is shown from our results that CSG can aggregate into a micellar fibril nanostructure with high length-to-width ratio which is bundled and entangled to form a three-dimensional(3D) network that immobilize the fluid component probably by surface tension.Moreover,sol-gel polymerization of tetraethoxysilane was carried out using CSG in the gel phase.

通过扫描电镜(ScanningElectron Microscopy，SEM)、透射电镜(Transmission Electron Microscopy，TEM)、圆二色谱(Circular Dichroism，CD)和小角X—射线衍射仪(Small-angle X-rayDiffraction，SAXRD)考察CSG分子自组装行为结果表明，CSG形成的聚集体具有多级结构：首先CSG通过手性堆叠自组装形成直径在9—10nm的细纳米纤维，这些细的纳米纤维再以不规则的六方堆积的方式进行排列，构成直径在40—100nm的粗纳米纤维(即细纳米纤维的&捆束&)，最后粗纳米纤维互相粘连形成三维网络状结构，使有机溶剂&固定&，从而形成凝胶；以CSG有机凝胶为模板，四乙氧基硅烷为前体，通过溶胶—凝胶聚合的方法制备了直径大约为100nm的二氧化硅纳米管。3。

The periostea of both experimental and control side of the mandibular ramus were taken and prepared, 2 of each 5 rabbits in a group were prepared for HE stain detection and 3 for proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical detection.Results:1, The newly formed bone was detected on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus after periosteal distraction. The bone was shaped like a hill. It looked very low and was full of holes at postoperative day 28. With the time of consolidation period lengthened, the newly formed bone matured gradually. X-ray examination showed the new bone shaped like a hill. The average values of new bone height at postoperative days 28,35,42 and 56 were 1.86 + 0.15mm, 2.29 + 0.29mm,3.19 + 0.13mm and 4.70 + 0.45mm. Histological examination of both HE stain and picricacid-fuchsin stain showed the increase in the number of osteoblasts and the change in the orientation of collagen fibers and bone trabecula. There were no significant differences between newly formed bone and original bone on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus at postoperative day 56 histologically.2 Compared with the control side, the distracted periostea proliferated obviously under the microscope, and the number of periostealcells increased with satiation of cellular nuclear per unit area. The images of PCNA immunohistochemical stain of periosteum showed that the experimental periosteum proliferated obviously after distraction compared with the control side.

结果：骨膜牵张成骨的实验研究南京医科大学硕{学位论文l、骨膜牵张后，可见下领升支外侧的骨皮质上有新骨形成，新骨呈山峰状凸起，术后第28天的新生骨较低平，多孔隙，随着固定时间的延长，新骨逐渐成熟；下领升支前后向切线位X线投照显示新骨呈山峰样隆起；经测量，术后第28、35、42和56天组平均新生骨厚度分别为x.86士0.15mm、2.29士0.29mm、3.19士0.13mm和4.70 土0.45mm；脱钙骨组织的HE染色和不脱钙骨组织的苦味酸一品红染色的组织学观察均显示了新生骨在成骨细胞数量上的增长，以及胶原纤维和骨小梁排列方向上的变化，术后第56天的新生骨在组织学上与原升支骨组织已无明显区别。2、HE染色显示，与对照组相比较，实验侧骨膜增生明显，细胞间排列紧密，单位面积内骨膜细胞数增多，细胞核饱满；骨膜PCNA 免疫组化染色显示，与对照侧相比较，实验侧骨膜在牵张后出现了明显的增生迹象，PCNA阳性细胞分布紧密，单位面积内阳性细胞数较对照组多，靠近骨表面的骨膜中的阳性细胞数更多而且分布更为紧密。

In a cross-sectional study, the researchers used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to compare measures of body composition and BMD in 28 girls with Turner syndrome who had neer receied GH and 39 girls who were treated with GH for at least 1 year. Hand radiography was used to compare phalangeal cortical thickness.

在一个代表性的研究中，研究人员利用双能X-线吸收仪分别测量28个没经生长激素治疗的患有Turner综合症的女孩和39个经生长激素治疗至少一年的患有Turner综合症的女孩的机体组分和骨矿物质密度，同时用手X线机测量她们的指皮质厚度。

The quantity analysis of porosis by X-ray computer picture system can be applied to the analysis of roentgenograms which are taken during the healing process in the cases of diaphysis fracture, such as the fracture at the distal end of radius. How well the fractured bone is healed, whether it is completely healed and whether secondary osteoporosis occurs after fixation can be analyzed quantitatively.

X线微机图像系统对骨痂生长情况的定量分析方法能对桡骨远端骨折及其它四肢骨干骨折患者不同时期所摄的X线片进行骨折恢复程度、是否痊愈、骨折固定后出现的继发性骨质疏松情况进行定量分析观察。

X-ray projectional images are very important in medical diagnostics and industrial nondestructive testing. The digitization of this technology is bound to see rapid development.

数字化图像具有非常突出的优点和广泛的应用，而X射线成像在医学诊断和工业无损检测等领域占据非常重要的地位，因此X射线成像的数字化必将成为一种趋势。

About magnetocaloric effects in Gd_(1-xTb_xCo2: The structures and magnetocaloric effects of Gd_(1-xTb_xCo_2 (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 1) pseudobinary compounds were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic properties measurement.

在化合物的磁热效应研究方面，利用振动样品磁强计对Gd_(1-xTb_xCo_2(x=0，0.2，0.4，0.5，0.6，0.7，0.8和1)几个合金进行了磁性测量。

The main results are summarized as follows: X-ray powder diffraction investigation of the Pr5Si_4-xGex pseudobinary system reveals that three structurally distinct phase regions exist in the system at ambient temperature.

经1273K退后一周后，该体系只存在两个单相区：Zr_5Si_4结构的Pr_5Si_4基固溶体(0≤x≤2.8)；正交Sm_5Ge_4结构的Pr_5Ge_4基固溶体(3.0≤x≤4.0)；室温存在的单斜Gd_5Si_2Ge_2型金属间化合物相区则完全转变为高温的四方相相区。

A functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction-precipitation method, and were modified by silicane coupling agent. The nanoparticles were evaluated by diffraction, scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy spectrometer.

用部分还原－共沉淀法制备了四氧化三铁Fe3O4纳米材料，用硅烷偶联剂进行了表面修饰，用扫描电镜，X-射线粉晶衍射，磁强计，X射线能谱仪等分析仪器对材料的相关性能进行了测定。

Sulfide layer was made on the surface of high speed steel (W6Mo5Cr4V2) by means of low temperature ion sulfurization. The tribological properties of the sulfide layer under dry sliding were investigated on an MM 200 friction and wear test rig. An atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer attachment were adopted to analyze the morphologies and compositions of the original and worn surfaces of the sulfide layer. The phase structure of the sulfide layer was determined by X ray diffraction.

采用低温离子渗硫工艺在 W6 Mo5 Cr4 V2高速钢表面制备了硫化物固体润滑层，在 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机上对渗硫层的摩擦学性能进行了干摩擦试验研究，用原子力显微镜及扫描电子显微镜和 X射线光电子能谱分析渗层表面、截面、磨面的形貌及成分，用 X射线衍射仪分析了渗硫层相结构。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。