查询词典 Whiggism

Such liberal thought as survived the success of the Revolution carried on the spirit of Locke's philosophy most truly in respect to religious toleration…With some lip-service to Locke, Whiggism in the eighteenth century represented quite subsidiary elements of his Treatise: that the powers of government remain indefeasibly in the organs where they have once been placed…and that government is at bottom a balance of the vested interests of the realm: crown, landed aristocracy, and corporations…The monopoly of power by the landowning class was contrary not only to Locke's theory of individual rights but also to his theory of the importance of property in general 496-497

当然，理论与现实的距离永远存在。洛克思想的复杂性也决定了其影响的复杂性。比如在英国，18世纪的辉格党虽口头上标榜洛克的学说，但实际上却采用了他的一些次要思想，如关于政府权力一旦确定，就不可取消地永远由该机构所拥有的思想；而权力的平衡归根到底却成了王国既得利益势力、王室、土地贵族和公司的权力平衡，其中土地所有者阶级垄断权力的状况也违反了洛克关于一般个人权利，特别是关于财产权利的学说（《思想史》，192-193；《自由主义》，180）。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。