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This study examines the effects of allocative distortions on returns to density and input demand in domestic airlines during 1989-1997 by using a non-minimum cost function from the cost efficiency point of view. We generalize a globally concave and flexible cost function by using the symmetric generalized McFadden cost function to accommodate allocative distortions for domestic airlines, and estimating the density economies with and without allocative distortions as well as its effect on cost efficiency.

故本研究透过成本效率的观点，使用符合全面凹性更具弹性之对称性一般化影子成本函数来检视国内各航空公司民国78-86年期间之分配扭曲对密度报酬、投入要素需求量（劳动、燃油、固定要素及其他）及成本的影响，以了解各航空公司无效率之所在。

The byproducts using a HZSM-5 supported multi-metal catalyst are polymer of MXDA condensation detected by MS, which is different from the byproducts using the carbon supported metal catalyst.

反应副产物用MS定性分析表明：分子筛负载的多金属加氢催化剂与活性炭负载的多金属催化剂不同。分子筛负载的多金属加氢催化剂产生的副反应主要为MXDA的分子间脱氨缩合反应。

In order to cipher out sum of square and effect estimation of combining ability, transpose procedure, merge sentence and z=x + y, gi= 1/(p+2 *(hi-2*zh/p), sij = xij -/(p+2)+ 2*zh/(p+1 *(p + 2) etc. transformations are applied in this study .New data gather and varieties are produced from original data to meet the analysis by using the sentences of keep, file, infile, put,set and so on.Multiple comparison of combining ability effect is carried outin SAS system by using fuctions of probf (f,dfl,df2), probt, tinv and lag , transformations of LSD0.o5=ee*abstinv(px,dfe, LSD0.01=ee*abstinv(pj ,dfe , and conditional sentence of if, then.

主要须用到transpose过程，merge语句以及统计代换z=x+y、gi=1／(p+2*(hi—2*zh／p)和sij=xij-／(p+2)+2*zh／(p+1*(p+2)等算出各种配合力平方和及其效应估计；用语句keep、file、infile、put、set等通过原始数据资料产生各种新的数据集和变量以满足分析需要；利用概率函数probf(f，df1，df2)和probt，反概率函数tinv，延迟函数lag，LSD_(0.05)=ee*abstinv(px，dfe、LSD_(0.01)=ee*abstinv(Pj，dfe等几个统计代换，以及if、then条件语句等实现了配合力显著性测验和配合力效应之差的显著性测验。

I tried using two for… loops to reach the selected pixels, but it was much slower than using one for… loop plus a conditional if… statement

我试着用两个。。。循环到达选定的像素，但它比使用一个循环的。。。如果加上一个条件。。。语句慢

In addition, all these core modules conformably used the ACE interface while using thread operations, UDP communication, timer and other APIs closely related to the operating system, which improved the portability of code and solved the problem of cross-platform development of distributed system. Reliability guarantee layer and resource management module completed object-oriented interface design by using OMG's IDL language, which ensured the openness of the distributed system.

另外，所有核心模块在使用到线程操作、UDP通信和定时器等与操作系统密切相关的API时，统一使用了ACE的接口，提高了代码的可移植性，解决了分布式系统的跨平台开发问题；可靠性保证层和资源管理模块使用OMG的IDL语言完成面向对象的接口设计，保证了分布式系统的开放性。

Firstly, the random scene of fire was assumed. And then according to the probability distributions of the random parameters of fire in the building, a large number of samples were obtained using mixed congruence method and inverse function method of Monte-Carlo. Finally, the performance of the samples was simulated using Ozone, and the failure probability of the structure in fire was analyzed.

该模型首先确定火灾随机场景，根据建筑物内火灾随机参数的概率分布，利用蒙特卡洛的混合同余法和反函数法产生火灾随机场景的抽样样本，然后利用OZone软件进行火灾下抽样样本的性能模拟，通过大量样本的模拟实现了结构在火灾下的失效概率分析。

This article takes the teaching of conic sections as an example. By designing worksheets, teachers can introduce the historical material about conic sections to students. By way of using Apollonius' definition of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, teachers can introduce the geometric aspect of "conic section" to students. By using the concept of " latus rectum " in Conics , we can connect "conic sections"-- representation of geometrical aspect, with "the equation of conic sections"-- representation of algebraic aspect to improving insufficiency of text books.

同时本文也试著从历史文本中寻找材料，简单举例说明数学教师可以如何应用这些史料在几何单元教学上，例如三角函数的正余弦定理，最后再以圆锥曲线的正焦弦为例，说明如何利用数学史料於此单元的教学，尤其是阿波罗尼斯的《锥线论》中对圆锥曲线的3个命题，将此3个命题的内容与意涵，尤其是正焦弦在圆锥曲线的几何意义上所扮演的角色，将其适当地融入教学中，将可使学生真正学习圆锥曲线的几何知识，而不再只是代数形式的几何知识。

Firstly,the new images' orientation parameters are resolved using the old aerial images with POS data in the same area,and feature points are extracted in old images,and new images' conjugate points are computed using forward intersection and collinearity equations.

首先利用带POS数据的老影像解求新影像的外方位元素，然后在老立体影像上提取特征点，根据前方交会和共线条件方程得到新影像上同名点的近似位置，再与新影像进行匹配，寻找匹配不好的点作为变化区域的初始位置。

The tangent space and normal space of the robot motion curve is constructed by using Newton-Euler orthogonal method, which satisfies the restrictions of linear and angular momentum conservation of free-floating space robot system. An analytical expression of joint actuation torque in the floating state is given by using this method.

根据空间机器人自由漂浮状态时系统动量守恒的特点，采用Newton-Euler正交方法构建了满足系统动量守恒约束条件的空间机器人运动曲线法空间与切空间基底，并以此基础得到了自由飘浮状态下的空间机器人关节力矩的显式表达式。

In this paper,using annuity theory and combining with State Department′s 'the decision of establishing consolidated corporation employee pension system',the actuarial model of pension substitute rate with different contributing years to employees is derived;moreover,using this model,simulation is tested,which has important theoretical significance and practical application value to calculating substitute rate and completing the China pension policy.

利用年金理论并结合1997年国务院《关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》文件，得到我国职工在不同缴费年限下基本养老保险替代率精算模型，并利用该模型对基本养老保险替代率进行模拟分析。这对于明确我国当前基本养老保险替代率及完善基本养老保险政策具有重要的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。