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The main cause of corrosion case of heat exchange tubes for a heater of nature gas by hot water jacket was studied by means of water quality examination, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope and X-ray diffraction analysis.

用水质分析和腐蚀产物的XRD、XPS、SEM分析等方法及密闭系统静态挂片实验，研究了加热炉腐蚀的主要原因和机理。

The surface morphology and microstructure were observed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, the surface resistivity was analyzed by avometer and SDHC digital.

用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、能谱等手段对镀层表面形貌、微观结构进行检测，并且使用万用电表和SDHC型数字点式测量仪对表面电阻率进行分析测量。

In2O3 thin films were prepared on glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The structural, electrical and optical characteristics of In2O3 films were investigated by atomic force microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Hall effect measurements.

采用射频磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备氧化铟薄膜，通过测试原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子谱、紫外可见分光光度计以及霍尔效应，研究了氧化铟薄膜的结构和光、电特性。

Its structure is analyzed by means of thermal gravimetric analysis, infrared-ray spectrum, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.

采用热失重分析、傅立叶转换红外光谱分析、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其结构进行了表征与分析。

Some micro-examination methods, such as scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrum and X-ray diffraction, were used to analyze the friction and wear mechanism of two TiAlN coatings.

但随着应用的深入，TiN涂层在性能方面表现出的不足，如与基体的结合力较弱、脆性大、易剥落，特别是在高温性能方面存在的缺陷，限制了它的进一步发展。

The X-ray diffraction spectrum were measured with a Model TURM6z X-ray spectrometer.

X -射线衍射光谱测量模型TURM6z X射线分光计。

The shortest path raytracing algorithm in networks is widely applied to calculate seismic ray paths and traveltimes, in which the beelines between network nodes are used to approximate the ray paths.

最短路径射线追踪算法，用预先设置的网络节点的连线表示地震波传播路径，当网络节点稀疏时，获得的射线路径呈之字形，计算的走时比实际走时系统偏大。

From the above seems to show the failure, the author estimated that the fault is mostly the work of the subsidiary CRT circuit damage occurred because the cathode-ray tube voltage of the focus is very prone to failure similar to the above phenomenon, the phenomenon that gave rise to such failure is due mainly to display work over time, then the CRT focus very near the jack attached to a lot of dust very easily, which encountered wet dust easily lead to the air tubes of focus very significantly decrease the performance of socket contacts, then a cathode-ray tube focus to the natural voltage decline will be affected down, so that we could monitor the performance will be prone to poor focus, image display is a relatively vague.

从上面的显示故障现象来看，笔者估计该故障现象多半是显像管附属的工作电路发生了损坏，因为显像管的聚焦极电压十分容易发生类似上面的故障现象，引起这种故障现象的原因主要是显示器工作时间一长，那么显像管的聚焦极插孔附近很容易附着不少灰尘，这些灰尘遇到潮湿的空气后容易导致显像管的聚焦极插孔接触性能大大下降，那么一来显像管的聚焦极电压自然就会受到影响而下降下来，这样的话显示器也就容易出现聚焦性能不好、图象显示比较模糊的现象了。

The observations, collected between 1994 and 2005, revealed that clouds of gas near the central black hole brightened and faded quickly in X-ray light as they responded to X-ray pulses emanating from just outside the black hole.

观测收集了1994-2005年的数据，显示中心黑洞附近气体云在X光波段快速的变亮与暗淡，这是从黑洞边缘发出的X射线脉冲的反应。

By setting different kinds of filters of various thickness values before the pinholes of camera and using the spectral sensitivity of the camera,multi-frame X-ray images of wire arrays Z-pinch implosions in different energy ranges were obtained. By analysing the relationship between the intensity profiles of corresponding frames and the spectral sensitivity of the camera,it is allowed to estimate X-ray photon energy range in local areas of images.

通过对皮秒分幅相机和2.3μm厚formvar膜滤片的光谱响应特性分析，以及对同一时刻粘贴2.3μm厚formvar膜滤片和未粘贴2.3μm厚formvar膜滤片两幅图像径向辐射强度波形的对比，确定出获取的X光辐射图像的能谱范围：不加formvar膜滤片的X光辐射图像光子能量大于70eV，加formvar膜滤片的X光辐射图像光子能量大于150eV，同时还确定出图像各部分的光子能量分布。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。