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Pure iron specimens were implanted by nitrogen ions with a fluence of 7×1017 ions/cm2 using ion beam implantation at an extracted voltage of 40kV.Composition and valence studies were carried out by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy;Glancing angle X-ray diffraction was employed to examine the phase transformation.

采用40kV的氮等离子体离子注入工业纯铁，注入剂量为7×1017ions/cm2，X射线光电子能谱研究表面注入层元素的成分和价态，X射线衍射分析注入层的物相转变，采用恒电位极化腐蚀试验研究了离子注入后材料在人工模拟体液中腐蚀行为。

It reformed the coventional grazing incidence method of reflecting x ray, and made it possible to reflect x ray in normal incidence way.

它从根本上改变了传统的掠入射反射x光的方法，使正入射反射x光成为可能，并极大的促进了x光学的发展。

X-ray diffraction, reflection high energy electron diffraction and Phi scan of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation were employed to investigate the structure properties of ZnO thin film.

利用X射线衍射，反射式高能电子衍射和同步辐射掠入射X射线衍射φ扫描等实验技术研究了ZnO薄膜的结构。

The usual traveltime seismic tomography methods are based on ray theory;however,the energy of real seismic signals comes from one Fresnel volume connecting source point and receiving points instead of a hypothetic ray.

传统的走时地震层析方法都是建立在射线理论的基础上，而实际地震信号的能量是来自一个连接激发点和接收点的菲涅耳体，并非单纯地来自于一条假想的射线。

The usual travel time tomography method is based on geometrical ray theory,however,it assumes that the seismic wave has very high frequency,which often makes the tomographic inversion have ill posed problem because of the sparse ray distribution in the model space and finally affects the reliability and resolution of the tomographic results.

基于几何射线理论的旅行时层析方法假设地震波频率足够高，这样往往由于射线存模型空间的稀疏分布，使层析反演问题具有严重的不适定性，从而极大地影响层析成像结果的可靠性和分辨率。

The Solar X-Ray Imager is essentially a soft X-ray telescope that is used to monitor solar conditions and activity.

太阳X射线成像仪基本上是一种软X射线望远镜，用于监测太阳条件和活动。

Find the relation between the incident ray and the final reflected ray.

两镜子排成直角，求入射线和反射线的关系。

The measuring conditions of thin films thickness with grazing incident X ray is explained, and interferential principle and method of thickness measurement of multilayer thin films by grazing incident X ray are analyzed.

阐述了掠入射X射线测量薄膜厚度的条件，讨论和分析了掠入射X射线测量多层薄膜厚度的干涉原理和方法。

The angle between the incident ray and a line perpendicular to the surface of the glass at the point where the incident ray strikes the glass is called the angle of incidence.

入射线和入射线打到玻璃上那点的玻璃面之垂直线间的角度被称为入射角。

When the reflected light returned from the original way and disturbed the incident ray, the reflectivity could not be tested easily and it was solved by using the method of double-ray testing.

结果表明，该镜头的猫眼效应绝对反射率最高可达35.87%，并且与焦距正比，与F数和入射角成反比；近场时的几何发散角与焦距和F数成反比。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。