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The particle valve model,obstacle cell valve model as well as the body-fitted valve model representing the valve motion were established.Furthermore,a modified equation about the particle valve model was put forward.

建立了反映气门运动的粒子阻滞模型、障碍物单元模型以及贴体气门模型，并提出计算粒子阻滞的修正公式。

The simulations of two models are close to canopy albedo observation in this band. This indicates that the two-stream model can simulate the canopy albedo very well and the improvement of four-stream model is limited. The results also show that the albedo of the canopy modeled by the four-stream model is greatly improved than that of the two-stream model in the NIR band.

这表明在可见光波段，二流模式已经能够较好模拟冠层反照率，四流模式能够提高的精度范围有限；在近红外波段，因叶片散射率值较大，两个模式模拟结果差别较明显，四流模式模拟的冠层反照率相对二流模式的模拟结果更接近观测值。

The paper researches two models for optimized management of slab-yard, and researches respective application about putting-in stock and model of taking-out stock. In the model of putting-in stock, the paper considered the cell of hot-rolling when making plan of putting-in stock, swings in the model of putting-in stock with the parameter 85, which indicates whether the slabs belong to the same hot-rolling cell. In the model of taking-out stock, The paper classed the slab-yard location according to the practice of the factory, based on which, the paper brings forward optimized turned-out algorithm founded on experts system, and the result of the experiments shows that the number of the turned-out pile is greatly reduced with the new algorithm.

文章重点研究了板坯库优化管理中的入库计划和出库计划编制问题，对两个决策模型：入库决策模型和出库决策模型进行了应用研究，其中在入库决策模型中，编制入库计划时就考虑了热轧工序轧制计划单元，在入库决策模型中添加&同一热轧单元&参数δ_5；在出库决策模型中，基于实际应用现场对板坯库库位进行分类，提出基于专家系统的板坯最优倒垛算法，实验结果表明提出的算法大大地降低了倒垛量。

The article presents the analysis of failure mode and effect and criticality analysis model,fault tree analysis model,tiger model,availabilitycenter inventory model and readiness-based sparing mod-el applied to navy ship's weapon system reliability engineering.

对舰船装备可靠性工程中的故障模式影响和危害度分析模型、故障树分析模型、舰队保障库存大纲模型、老虎模型、以可用性为中心的库存模型、以战备完好性为基础的备件配置法模型进行了分析。

Finally, based on the theory of Timoshenko beam, a beam model of this crankshaft is built, which is compared with solid model. The results indicate that this beam model can meet the needs of calculation precision and calculation efficiency. With this beam model, the condition in which real loads are put on the crankshaft is simulated. The displacement curves、velocity curves、acceleration curves of the main journals and the pulley of this crankshaft and torsion vibration curve of the pulley are then gained. With these curves, the dynamic characteristic of the crankshaft is analyzed. The conclusion indicates that this crankshaft has good dynamic characteristic.

最后利用Timoshenko梁理论建立了曲轴的梁单元模型，将此梁单元模型与体单元模型进行了比较，结果表明梁单元模型能够满足精确度和计算效率的要求；利用该梁单元模型，模拟了实际条件下的载荷作用时曲轴的响应，得到了曲轴各主轴颈和皮带轮端的位移、速度、加速度曲线以及皮带轮端的扭转振动曲线，分析了曲轴的动态特性，结论表明该型曲轴具有良好的动态特性。

Thereinto, Yunnan Tobacco Machinery Plant manufacture main machine (Model YB22A soft packet packing), Kunming Tobacco Machinery Group NO.3 Machinery Co., Ltd. manufacture auxiliary machine (Model YB52A Cellophane Wrapper For Packet/Model YB62A Carton Packing Machine/Model Cellophane Wrapper For Carton), each machine can finish each packing process individually.

其中：云南烟草机械厂生产主机(YB22A型软盒包装机)，昆明烟机集团三机有限公司生产辅机(YB52A型盒外透明纸包装机/YB62A型硬条包装机/YB92A型条外透明纸包装机)。

In this paper, a full flow model is given for calculating the average residence time of molten steel in non-symmetry multi-strand tundish to analyze flow pattern, the model is as follow:〓 The model can be used to calculate the volume fraction of the dead area、the piston flow and the mix flow, and is satisfactorily applied to the water model of three-strand tundish of Guangzhou Steel Works to analyze the data of the experiment.

本文认为在研究中间包内高温钢水的流动问题时，应该考虑钢水密度变化这个条件对钢水流动的影响，这样其结果更符合实际钢水流动规律。本文针对非对称多流中间包，提出了全流量模型计算多流中间包钢水平均停留时间：〓该模型也能够很好地计算多流中间包的死区、活塞流区、全混流区体积分数。

The main research tasks and results are as follows:(1) Through comparing the stress intensity factor of compact tension specimen calculated by finite element software with the theoretical value, the feasibility of calculating fracture parameters of crack tip in ABAQUS software was verified.(2) The relationship between the elastic modulus of the material and research scale was studied based on deriving the cohesive stress theory and other relevant theories. And the elastic modulus of the material on meso-scale was determined.(3) Global model and sub-model of the finite element were built in th...e macro-scale, and stress-strain field nearby the crack tip was analyzed, and the results show that the detailed stress-strain in the crack tip could be obtained by using the sub-model technique.(4) In meso-scale, the crack growth model was also established by assuming the crack propagating along the grain boundary, and the detailed stress-strain field in the crack tip was obtained.(5) The effect of crack length on Von Mises stress, and maximum principal stress and strain was analyzed in meso-scale when equivalent KI equals 30MPa.m1/2. And the results show that except for crack tip area, the stress-strain distribution in whole specimen is not affected.

主要完成研究内容和取得成果如下：(1)利用有限元软件计算出紧凑拉伸试样的裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI值，其结果与理论值一致，从而验证了利用ABAQUS计算裂纹尖端相关断裂参量的可行性；(2)在研究内聚应力等相关理论的基础上，推导出了研究尺度与材料弹性模量的近似关系，并确定了介观尺度上的弹性模量；(3)在宏观尺度上建立了全局有限元计算模型和子模型，得到了裂纹尖端应力应变场分布，结果表明利用子模型技术获得比较准确的裂纹尖端应力应变场分布是可行的；(4)在介观尺度上利用平均晶粒尺度的方式建立了裂纹沿晶扩展模型，得到了裂纹尖端断裂过程区的微观应力应变场；(5)当应力强度因子为30MPa.m1/2时，分析了介观尺度上在裂纹沿晶扩展过程中裂纹长度对Mises应力、最大主应力和应变的影响，结果表明，裂纹扩展长度对试样整体应力应变分布影响不大，而对裂纹尖端区域有较大影响；(6)介。。。

Afterwards, we have fulfilled motion analysis based on the vasuclar models which we have already built. We have brought forward some new ideas in motion analysis, thus designed and completed String Matching Method and Thin Plate Spline Model based Method. Further, we have invented a mixed model which combined feature based model and intensity based model together, so as to compensate both disadvantages.

我们提出了一些运动分析方面的新思路，设计并完成基于链码匹配技术的运动分析、基于薄型样条模型的运动分析，我们还提出了一种结合基于特征模型和基于灰度模型的混合模型进行运动分析，弥补了各自长期以来的缺陷。

IT者网站提供英文翻译,未经授权请勿转载】 One's previous experience is small cold Wang Yongqing was born at Taipei county new store 1917, after elementary school graduates not again enter a higher school, 16 years old acquire name of 200 yuan of inn opening rice to father, cut a figure gradually, 1954 company of initiate stage model, found South Asia, stage to change subsequently, stage model is changed wait for petrifaction enterprise, so-called stage model 4 treasure, again science and technology of enlarge and medical treatment, biochemistry, firepower generates electricity, the industry such as brilliant of car, electron, silicon, the stage model that builds bibcock of Taiwan manufacturing industry, total assets to obtain money of 2.5 million new station is regnal, the yield with a few current petrochemical that this group produces ranks front row in the whole world.

出身微寒的王永庆于1917年生于台北县新店，小学毕业后未再升学，16岁向父亲取得200元开米店起家，逐渐崭露头角，1954年首创台塑公司，随后创建南亚、台化、台塑化等石化企业，号称台塑四宝，再扩及医疗、生化科技、火力发电、汽车、电子、硅晶等产业，建立台湾制造业龙头、总资产达到2.5兆新台币的台塑王国，该集团生产的一些石化产品目前的生产量在全球位居前列。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。