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①Location of WD gene in Ch inese: Using pairwise linkage analysis and multipoint linkage analysis method, w e constructed a genetic map of DNA markers within D13q14.2-3 which refined the location of WD gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite polymorphism analysis;②Screen for mutations of WD gene in Chinese people: we detected the structure of 21 exons of WD ge ne in 45 patients from 39 pedigrees by PCR-SSCP(Single strand conformation poly morphism) and PCR-DNA sequencing technology, found a new mutation in exon 5 and nuclcotide sequence analysis showed it is a T insertion. We also conformed the Arg778Leu in exon 8, the highest frequence mutation point in Chinese people, wit h mutation rate 22.8%in total;③Carrier detection and presymptomatic diagnosi s of WD: Based on DNA recombination technology, we peformed successfully the gen e diagnosis in all individuals of 79 families with WD and built up a helpful spe cific enzyme cut method (PCR-Msp1) to detect the carrier and presympomatic patients in Chinese pe ople with WD.

①WD的基因定位研究：通过RFLP及微卫星多态性分析，应用两位点及多位点连锁软件，建立了中国人WD基因在D13q14.2-3区域的精细遗传连锁图谱，从而首次对中国人WD基因进行了精确定位；②WD基因突变研究：应用PCR-SSCP及DNA测序技术，对39个家系45名WD患者进行该致病基因的21个外显子突变筛选，发现WD基因5号外显子存在新的T插入突变，并证实中国人WD基因的突变热点为8号外显子，突变形式为Arg778Leu，其频率为22.8%；③WD的症状前诊断和杂合子检出：应用DNA重组技术对79个家系进行基因诊断，成功地进行了WD的症状前诊断和杂合子检出，并建立了WD的基因筛选的PCR-Msp 1酶切方法。

The prolactin gene was studied as a candidate gene for the prolificacy of Small Tail Han sheep. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of exon 1 to exon 5 of PRL gene were detected in high fecundity breeds and low fecundity breeds (Dorset, Texel and Corriedale sheep) with five pairs of primers by PCR-SSCP.

设计5对引物，采用PCR-SSCP技术检测催乳素（prolactin，PRL）基因外显子1至外显子5在高繁殖力绵羊品种和低繁殖力绵羊品种（多赛特、特克塞尔和考力代）中的单核苷酸多态性，同时研究该基因对小尾寒羊高繁殖力的影响。

Among them, mutations in exon 7 was highest, while in exon 5 was lowest.

其中以第7号外显子出现的频率最高，第6、8外显子次之，第5外显子最低。

So the peptides encoded by exon 12 and exon 17 may have special roles in related developmental stages.

因此，第12、17外显子编码的肽段可能在相应的发育阶段执行不同的功能。

Objective To investigate the polymorphism of MICA gene from exon 2 to exon 6 in Chinese south Han population.

目的调查南方汉族人群MICA基因外显子2~6的多态性。

Mutation rate at exon of GH in five bovine species was very low with the percentage of 3.48%. The majority of nucleotide substitution was nonsense mutation and only one missense mutation was observed. Molecule tree based on haplotypes of bGH at exon 5 showed that differentiation was apparent relatively between Bubalus bubalis and Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos grunniens, Bos frontalis. There was no apparent differentiation among other four bovine species and they shared mutual ancestral sequence.

序列分析表明，5个牛种GH基因外显子5的遗传变异水平较低，平均核苷酸变异率约为3.48%，而且绝大多数位点的核苷酸替换是同义突变，仅发现1个错义突变位点；从GH基因外显子5序列单倍型构建的分子进化树来看，水牛与普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛及大额牛的分化相对比较明显，其他4个牛种之间并无明显分化，还享有共同的祖先序列。

Methods PCR-SSCP and PCR product cloning, sequencing were performed to detect mutation of p16 gene exon 2 in peripheral blood of 60 patients with arseniasis caused by coal-burning pollution,at the same time,PCR-based methylation assay was performed to analyze the methylation of p16 gene exon 1. Results No p16 gene exon 2 mutation was found in 60 cases.

采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性分析和PCR产物克隆测序技术对60例砷中毒患者外周血中p16基因第2外显子突变情况进行检测，同时采用甲基化敏感的限制性内切酶方法对p16基因第1外显子甲基化情况进行分析。

All 21 exons with flanking intronic sequences, as well as a 263 bp fragment of the 5" flanking region, of GARS-AIRS-GART gene, were screened in the same five populations, by the method of PCR-SSCP analysis, combined with sequencing reactions. We detected 10 SNPs, C-179T from 5" flanking region, A5669G form exon 3, C6545Afrom exon 4, A7777G from intron 4, G10854T, C10867T, G10898T from intron 6, A16197G from intron 11, C21228T from intron 14, and C29686T from exon 21. These ten polymorphic sites were nominated as GARS1, GARS2, GARS3, GARS4, GARS5, GARS6, GARS7, GARS8, GARS9, and GARS 10, respectively. The mutation of C D A at GARS3 was a non-synonymous mutation, wh

其中外显子4中的6545处的c~A突变导致对应的氨基酸序列中的第173位氨基酸发生变异：天冬氨酸一谷氨酸；10个SNP位点依次命名为：GARSI、GARSZ、GARS3、GARS4、GARSS、GARS6、GARS7、GARSS、GARSg、GARS 10；(2)10个SN'P位点在不同的鸡种中的基因型分布差异显著(P.05)，进一步的方差分析显示，GASRI位点以及GARS3位点与肌肉肌昔酸含量之间存在着显著的关联；(3)在所检测的5个群体中GARsl位

A frameshift mutation at base position 217 of exon 1 and a T/C missense mutation at base position 59 of exon 3 were found in Yingjing angora rabbit with a high frequency; a T/C same-sense mutation at base position 3 of exon 3 was found with similar frequency in three rabbit breeds.

在外显子1的217位检测到由TCT三碱基插入引起的移码突变，在外显子3的59位和3位分别发生了错义突变由T→C和同义突变由T→C。通过计算发现各位点不同的基因型和等位基因频率在3个兔品种中存在较大的差异，位点A、B在长毛兔和肉兔中均有各自的优势基因型和等位基因。

By cloning and sequencing those DNA fragments with polymorphisms we found 3 SNPs, they were as following: T→C in exon 3, G→C in introns 5,A→C in exon 6, in which A→C in exon 6 was non-synonymous substitution, it resulting in Thr→Arg.

对有多态的位点进行克隆测序，结果发现：外显子3中的一处碱基由T→C，是同义突变；内含子5中的一处碱基由G→C；外显子6中的一处碱基由A→C，是错义突变，导致苏氨酸变成精氨酸。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。