查询词典 Evolution

One of the points that is repeatedly stressed in the book on evolution by Ardea Skybreak is that the process of evolution can only bring about changes on the basis of what already exists….

Ardea Skybreak在其关于进化论的书中反复强调的一点是，在进化过程中，进化只能给那些已经存在变化基础的东西带来变化…自然界中的进化通过现实和现有限制（或者换句话说，现有必要性）中已经出现的相关变化得以实现，而且也只能如此。

The paper is organized as follows. In chapter 2, we introduce some concepts about SEA, the abstract SEA model and the convergence definition of algorithm. In chapter 3, we describe firstly the evolution of PMA as an abstract stochastic process, and by characterizing axiomatically the properties of the fundamental selection and evolution operators, we conclude that PMA is essentially a kind of SEA.

本文结构安排如下：第二章介绍了模拟进化算法的一些基本概念、形式化随机过程描述以及收敛性定义；第三章对改进后的 PMA 各操作作了抽象定义，得到了 PMA 的形式化随机过程描述，并公理化地证明了各操作算子为选择或繁殖算子，从而得出 PMA本质上也是一种模拟进化算法；第四章先对选择算子特征数定义作了适当改进，并通过各进化算子的具体特征数指出，如果 PMA 不采取任何执行策略时，算法本身并不收敛。

In this area, the evolution history of the main faults including Zhen①fault, Zhen②fault and Zhen②′fault is burring. Through the analysis of structural evolution and quantitative research of fault activity, the development history of the three main faults is verified. It also could be supported by structural physical simulation.

南部断阶带是高邮凹陷南部的一个二级构造单元，长期以来真①、真②及真②′等主干断层的发育历史模糊不清，本论文通过对构造演化的分析及对断层活动的定量研究重新厘定了三条主干断层的发育历史，并利用构造物理模拟实验对其进行了验证。

This dissertation was focused on the research about the formation and evolution of NQB from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period, including integrated analyzing the characteristic of the key stratigraphic surfaces, the time of the key stratigraphy, regional rock straigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, sedimentary system and depositional facies. On basis of these analysis, a tectonic evolution model have been established for NQB during from the Late Triassic to the early middle Epoch of Jurassic Period.1. After the systematic surface analysis about main stratigraphy units, we found that:(1) the bottom of Xiaochaka formation was comformity with the middle Triassic in the basin, and in the north margin it was deposited and overlapped on the different period stratigraphy before Triassic.(2) The top surface of Xiaochaka formation developed regionally karst and paleo-karst breccia, and was uncomformity with Nadigangri Formation, these things suggest that NQB in Xiaochaka depositing stage was developed from middle Triassic basin, and then an extensive regression occurred, the deposition was over and erosion come into being.(3) The lithologic assemblage, geochemistry, mixed fossils, and stratigraphy overlapping characteristic of Quemocuo Formation in early middle Jurassic indicted that the uncomformity surface was an extension-unconformity.2. Integrated analysis about stratigraphy division and correlation indicted that:(1) the paleontologic assemblage of Xiaochaka formation show its time was Carian -Norian stage of late Triassic. According to it was overlapped by late Triassic Nadigangri Formation, so Xiaochaka formation should be Carian - early Norian stage.(2) the SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age of Nadigangri formation volcanic rocks wear vary form 216 to 205 Ma, so its time should be Norian, but maybe extended into Rhaetian Stage.(3) The age of its bottom volcanic rocks, the fossil assemblages of its middle and upper members and overlapped by lower Jurassic, indicted the age of Riganpeicuo Formation was Norian - Rhaetian stage. And the same time, the volcanic rocks geochemistry of Nadigangri and Riganpeicuo formation both reflected that they wear formed in rift tectonic settings. The lower lithologic and surface characteristic, fossil assemblages and its upper maybe was conformity with lower Jurassic, all reflected that the age of Tumengela Formation in Tumen area should be Norian - Rhaetian stage.

论文对晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期盆地的形成与演化开展了研究，包括关键地层界面特征分析、关键地层时代归属分析、区域岩石地层、生物地层和年代地层的综合对比分析、区域沉积体系与沉积相分析、岩相古地理分析，最终建立晚三叠世—中侏罗世早期羌塘盆沉积—构造动力演化模式。1、系统的对各地层单元的界面分析发现：(1)肖茶卡组底界在盆地内部与中三叠统整合关系，在盆地北缘为沉积超覆于不同时代的前三叠系之上：(2)肖茶卡组顶界面发育古岩溶角砾岩，与上覆那底岗日组为岩溶不整合接触，说明肖茶卡组沉积时期的羌塘盆地是在早中三叠世的盆地基础发展起来的，后期出现了广泛的海退事件，使盆地结束沉积并遭受风化剥蚀作用；(3)中侏罗统雀莫错组的岩性组合特征、岩石化学特征、古生物化石混积和地层的沉积超覆现象均表现出裂陷环境下形成的伸展不整合面的特征。2、综合地层划分与对比分析认为：(1)肖茶卡组古生物化石组合反映其时代为晚三叠世卡尼期—若利期，根据其上被上三叠统那底岗日组不整合覆盖，将其时代厘定为卡尼期—若利期早期；(2)那底岗日组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄在216～205 Ma之间，其时代主要为若利期，可能包含有瑞替期：(3)日干配错组底部火山岩的年龄、中上部化石组合及其被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映的时代为晚三叠世若利期—瑞替期，而且那底岗日组火山岩和日干配错组火山岩的地球化学成分分析反映两者均为引张构造背景下的产物；土门地区的土门各拉组的下部岩性及界面特征、化石组合和上部可能被下侏罗统整合覆盖，综合反映其时代为若利期—若利期。

PCC, and Ceratopteris richardii. Besides these findings, both the mechanistic and mechanistic-empirical combination models were used to analyze the adaptive evolution of amino acid sites in the CVNH domain. Our results showed that:(1) neither model reveals significant sites undergoing positive selection;(2) purifying selection has played a dominant role during CVNH evolution; and (3) the MEC model better fits the CVNH data set.

在此基础上，分别采用机理式模型和MEC模型(Mechanistic-empirical combination model)对CVNH结构域序列位点进行适应性进化分析，结果显示：1两类模型均未检测到统计上显著的正选择位点；2净化选择对CVNH起主导作用；3MEC模型更适合所研究的数据。

Seven thirdorder seismic sequences can be recognized from bottom to top in the Paleogene in the Wushi sag, which consist of a depositional sequence from transgression to regression as a whole and correspond to different stages of structural evolution. Sequences developed in different stages of structural evolution are different in filling sequence and distribution of sedimentary system. Multiphase structural evolutions result in development of source rocks and reservoir and cap rocks in various parts of the sag. The sequence 2-4 deposited in strong chasmic stage have the best source rocks and sealing conditions as well as various favorable reservoirs, thus are the most favorable targets for obtaining discoveries in this sag.

结果认为：乌石凹陷古近系从下至上可以划分为7个三级地震层序，整体上为一个水进到水退的序列，分别对应不同的构造演化阶段；不同构造演化阶段发育的层序具有不同的充填序列和沉积体系分布；构造演化的多期性使得该凹陷多个部位都有烃源岩和储、盖层发育；其中以强烈裂陷阶段沉积的层序2-层序4中发育的烃源岩和盖层条件为最好且发育多种有利储集体，是该凹陷寻找油气藏的最有利层段。

Structural features of west slope region is simply by the study of structural and evolution characteritics inwest slope region, it is eastern slope unicline, structural plane map of each reflection interface express thatslope gradual decrease one by one from bottom to top. Structural evolution can be divided into three stagesof chiasmic, depressed and abortion equilibrium.

通过西斜坡区构造及其演化特征研究，得到西斜坡区构造面貌简单，总体为东倾的单斜，各反射层构造平面图反映出斜坡的坡度自下而上具有逐渐减小的趋势；构造演化可以分为裂陷阶段、沉陷阶段和萎缩平衡3个阶段。

The biomarkers such as the n-Alkanes, the isoprenoids, the terpane, and cholestane were detected through GC-MS analysis. Based on the study of the biomarkers, the biological evolution during Permian and Triassic can be divided as three stages, namely, the mixing source stage of low biota such as thallose and advanced plant in late Permian (below bed 63), the stage of low biota such as thallose in the boundary transitional layer (bed 63-69) and the mixing source stage of advanced plant and low biota such as thallose in early Triassic (above bed 69). What's more, the second stage near the boundary transitional layer can be subdivided into 4 stages. The stages of biota evolution is close related with sedimentary environment changing and the boundary transitional layer.

利用GC—MS分析技术，在陆相地层中检测出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜烷和甾烷类生物标志化合物并根据生物标志化合物和特征值研究，将二叠系—三叠系生物演化划分为三个大的阶段，即晚二叠世的菌藻类低等生物与高等植物混源阶段（63层以下），界线异常层的菌藻类低等生物阶段（63-69层）和早三叠世高等植物与菌藻类低等生物混源阶段（69层以上），界线附近异常层的第二阶段又进一步细分为4个次一级阶段，生物演化阶段与沉积环境变化及界线异常层具有非常密切关系。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

In this section, applying the method, from abstract to specific and from history to present, it analyzes the operation mechanism of urbanization economy affected by market mechanism; puts forward four theories of urbanization economy from economic perspective, including agriculture surplus and comparison advantage; non-agricultural industry; agglomeration economy and spillover effect, on this basis of the theories, it, on one hand, analyzes two kinds of internal mechanism in the chronologic operation of urbanization economies: increasing mechanism of urbanization economies in urban output industry; and changing mechanism from specialization to integration, which are the representations of the evolution of "mart" development; on the other hand, it analyzes two internal mechanism of dimensional operation of urbanization economy: internal spatial enlargement mechanism of urbanization economies from monocentric city to multi-center city, and external spatial enhancement mechanism which represents city-regionalization and city-chain connection, the later two mechanism represent the evolution of "polis" development.

这一部分，按照由抽象到具体和由历史到现代的研究方法，分析了市场机制作用下的城市化经济运行机理，从经济学角度提出了农业剩余与比较优势、非农产业、聚集经济、外溢效应四大城市化经济定理；在此基础上，一方面分析了城市化经济运行沿时间增长的两个内在内容提要机制：城市输出产业的城市化经济增长机制和从专业化到综合化的城市性质变迁机制，它们主要表现为&市&发展的延续；另一方面分析了城市化经济运行沿空间增长的两个内在机制：从单中心到多中心的城市化经济运行的内部空间扩展机理和表现为城市区域化、城市连绵体的城市化经济运行的外部空间扩展机理，它们主要表现为&城&发展的延续。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。