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Studied present measuring methods" advantages and disadvantages, and presented the necessity and importance of researching propellant transient heat transfer.2.according to 130 and aeronautic 90 rocket projectiles" structure, analysed and acquired physical and mathematical models for propellant transient heat transfer, also designed propellant temperature field simulation units for test.3.acquired discrete transient heat balance equation and temperature calculation program, and gave contrasting curves between experimental temperature values and program calculating temperature values as well as maximum errors and average square root errors between them.4.by programs based on the first class boundary condition, worked out temperature distribution in propellant temperature field simulation units at different time, analysed temperature field distribution law and main elements affecting heat transfer, acquired propellant mass weighted average temperature and one at the half position of propellant maximum thickness as well as maximum errors and average square root errors between them.5.established transient heat transfer mathematical model and temperature calculation program for the third class boundary condition, drew contrasting curves between temperature experimental values and calculation values and gave maximum errors and average square root errors between them, got temperature distribution in the simulation unit at different time and main elements affecting heat conduction, figured out propellant mass weighted average temperature and one at the half position of propellant maximum thickness as well as maximum errors and average square root errors between them.

分析了现有测试方法的优缺点，提出了研究推进剂瞬态导热的必要性和重要性。 2。根据130和航90两种火箭弹的结构，分析得到了推进剂传热的物理模型和数学模型，设计了推进剂温度场模拟实验装置。 3。得到了离散形式的瞬态热平衡方程和温度场计算程序，给出了实验温度与程序计算温度值的对比曲线及其最大偏差与均方差。 4。利用程序求出了第一类边界条件下、不同时刻推进剂温度场模拟装置中的温度分布，分析了温度场的分布规律和影响传热的主要因素，求出了推进剂质量加权平均温度和最大肉厚1／2处的温度时间曲线并给出了两者之间的最大偏差与均方差。 5。建立了第三类边界条件下的瞬态导热数学模型和温度计算程序，求出了温度实测值与计算值的对比曲线并给出了两者之间的最大偏差与均方差，得到了不同时刻温度场模拟装置的温度分布与影响导热的主要因素，求出了推进剂质量加权平均温度和最大肉厚1／2处温度及两者之间的最大偏差与均方差，讨论并确定了能代表130和航90推进剂温度的特征点的位置。

Each group contains a detailed classification of different standpoints. Part 4 makes a careful study and analysis of the causes of errors and induces the causes of errors into interlingual errors,intralingual errors,limitation of basic language knowledge and writing skills and ignorance of commenting on composition and correcting errors. Part 5 draws a conclusion and sets forth some error corrections and teaching methods to reduce errors. Part 6 sets forth the authors suggestions and some problems to discuss.

并根据具体实例将不同错误类型进行了更为详细的分类及分析；第四部分分析写作错误的原因，将导致写作错误的原因归纳为语际因素，语内因素，学习者语言知识和写作技巧的限制及忽视作文评改；第五部分归纳和总结全文，通过归纳前述内容提出减少错误的教学对策和纠正错误的方法；第六部分提出本人的建议和进一步需要探讨的问题。

The basic idea Is: using the standard value inserting the dynamic measuring errors which involve systematical errors and random errors, constructing the original error model which is revised at the same time and follows the variable law of the dynamic measuring errors, establishing a more suitable error model.

基本思想是：利用标准量插入动态测量数据实时分离含有系统误差和随机误差的动态测量误差值，建立误差的初始数学模型，并根据不断获得的标准点处的测量误差，实时修正或校正所建的初始误差模型，使误差模型不断跟踪动态测量误差的变化规律，建立更加符合动态测量过程的误差模型。

In grammar errors, syntax errors including Chinglish, sentence fragments, run-on sentences, errors in special sentence pattern, errors in word order, and redundancy are highly focused on, carefully analyzed and seriously calculated.

在语法错误中，句法错误包括中国式英语、句子片段、连写句、特殊句型错误、词序错误和赘词被作为研究重点，进行了仔细分析和认真统计。

The method made lead and lag errors boil down to GPS errors, which could be emendated by map data on the basis of the observability of GPS errors along the vertical direction. A general Kalman filtering was constructed to process the information of corrected GPS and DRS later, Which decreased lead and lag errors in the integrated navigation system.

该方法是将超前滞后误差归结力为GPS误差，先利用GPS沿道路垂直方向上误差的可现测性进行GPS误差校正，再得校正的GPS信息与DRS信息进行卡尔曼滤波，从而喊少组合导航系统超前滞后误差。

The machining errors of gear that relate to the nature of involute are studied with gear engagement theory in this paper and they are summarized as transmission errors, axle relative position errors and cutter errors.

本文首次综合运用了齿轮啮合理论中的瞬时啮合节点与瞬时啮合点的概念，系统地研究了与渐开线性质有关的齿轮加工误差产生的啮合机理，并将其概括为传动误差、回转轴相对位置误差及刀具误差。

During the course of solving the grinding wheel cross-sectional profile, it also analyses the grinding wheel cross- sectional profile errors and the errors sensitive parameters,which are resulted by the existence of the drill end-sectional errors and the relative position errors between the drill bit and the grinding wheel.

并分析了在求解砂轮截形的过程中，由于存在钻头端截面误差和钻头与砂轮相对位置误差，所带来的砂轮截形误差及其误差敏感性参数。

The corrected values in series to be used for correction of multi- range measuring errors of laser resistor trimming machine are adaptively obtained by measuring and calibrating the measuring errors of high precision standard resistors, and they can be used to correct all the resistance measuring errors of resistors to be adjusted to further reduce the system measuring errors.

通过测量和标定高精度标准电阻的测量误差，自适应地获取校正激光调阻机多档测量误差的系列修正值，进而用系列修正值对所有待修调电阻的阻值测量误差进行校正，达到进一步减小系统测量误差的目的。

By definition,for targets located in a spherically stratified lower atmosphere or ionosphere,this paper derives the residual error models［Formulae (14) and (20);(24) and (27);(57) and (59),(63) and (65)］ of elevation angle refraction errors,range refraction errors and range rate refraction errors corresponding to monopulse radar and trilateration radar.

提要 本文从定义出发，推导出目标在球面分层低层大气或电离层内仰角折射误差、距离折射误差和相应于单脉冲雷达与三站雷达的距离变化率折射误差的残差模型［式(14)与(20)；(24)与(27)；(57)与(59)，(63)与(65)］。

Based on the analysis of the mechanism of robot manipulators, a trajectory tracking controlling research model is first built up with ADAMS, and its mathematical model is formulated through the study of robot kinematics and dynamics. After the modeling errors are analyzed in practical robotic systems, a conception of centralized error is brought forward according to the theory of weighting functions. In the case of modeling errors' exist, the robotic uncertain model is derived by introducing an auxiliary control variable into inverse dynamic analysis. The control strategy of robust exponential convergence is applied to the robotic uncertain model, the applicable conditions and the applicable controller with this application are presented. The stable control effect under three main model uncertainties (parametric errors, joint disturbs, joint frictions) are systematically studied on the previously built research model. The problems of robust exponential convergence controller which often results in unstable output and so produces a large relative error when the input trajectory is in a small range are resolved by adjusting the control parameters based on the controller's structure.

本文在机械手的机械结构分析基础上，利用ADAMS建立了用于机械手轨线跟踪控制研究的机械手模型；通过对机器人运动学和动力学问题的研究，建立了机械手研究的数学模型；分析了机器人系统中模型误差的主要来源，根据加权函数法分析，提出了模型集中误差的概念；在存有模型误差的情况下，采用逆动力学结构并引入辅助控制量，由机器人误差模型推导了机器人非确定性模型；提出了采用鲁棒指数收敛法对上述机器人非确定性模型进行鲁棒镇定的控制策略，并给出了对机器人进行鲁棒指数收敛控制时系统不确定因素应满足的匹配条件；针对机械手研究模型，深入研究了鲁棒指数收敛控制器对机器人系统中常见的模型参数误差、关节扰动、关节摩擦等不确定因素的镇定控制效果；针对鲁棒指数收敛控制器易产生控制量振荡的问题以及在小范围内系统轨线跟踪的稳态误差过大问题，本文分别提出了基于控制器结构的控制参数调整法和基于轨线跟踪范围大小的控制参数分段切换法。

Salt is good, but if the salt becomes flat and tasteless, with what do you season it?

14：33 盐本是好的，盐若失了味，可用什么叫它再咸呢？

He reiterated that the PLA is an army of the people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

他重申，人民解放军是在中国共产党领导下的人民军队。