查询词典 Catholicism

Churches in France are heavy, dark, depressing buildings, smelling of aniseed and carbolic, presided over by priests who have lost much of the authority they used to have within the community, and who are anyway much more concerned with the collapse of Socialism than they are by the decline in Catholicism.

法国的教堂都是些大型、阴沉、压抑的建筑，充满了大茴香和煤焦油的气味，由那些在教区内权威扫地的神父们主持，他们更多地关心的是社会主义的衰弱而不是天主教信条的没落。

The anticlerical factor in the Protestant movement of the 1500s contributed to the break with Rome and has continued to be a crucial element in anti - Catholicism to this day.

该anticlerical因素，在新教运动的贡献， 1500休息与罗马，并继续成为一个关键因素在反-天主教的这一天。

Reform Catholicism has nourished such movements as Gallicanism, Jansenism, liberal Catholicism, and modernism.

改革天主教有滋养，例如运动gallicanism ，詹森主义，自由天主教和现代主义。

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one __11__ by the Spanish crown, __12__ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __13__ the official religion of the new states, some sough to end the __14__ of other faiths.

天主教已经成为国家信仰，并且是西班牙国王承认的唯一信仰；虽然大多数领导人寻求维持天主教作为新国家的正式宗教，但是一些领导人却试图结束将其他信仰排除在外。

Modern Roman Catholicism, in general, continues to be Tridentine Catholicism.

现代罗马天主教，在一般情况，继续成为德律但丁天主教。

The author points out that, during the course of its transmission, Catholicism encountered many difficulties, especially from the strict imperial prohibition that the Yongzheng Emperor had issued 1724 against Catholicism, local government tended to interfere more and more into the Catholic affairs and anti-Christianity actions were frequently taken in this area.

作者指出，天主教在福安的这段传播历史，经历了起起伏伏诸多波折，特别是清雍正以降，随着清廷在全国严厉禁教，地方官府对天主教活动的干预一度呈现出愈来愈严的趋势，期间查拿天主教的事件屡有发生。

During Catholicism was spreaded in Shanxi the roles that the foreign missionaries,Chinese clergies and its believers played were important parts of Shanxi Catholic history.They respectively played important roles during the Catholicism incultured in Shanxi.Up to now,the behef of the Catholics,their rituals and their basic conditions such as their age,sex,status and economic situation were shortages of Chinese Catholic research field.Studying the policies and attitudes that Shanxi local officials towards the Catholicism and the relationship between the believers and non-believers can provide experiences and lessons for Shanxi temporary government and people,now they are building up harmonious society,these experiences and lessons can help them treat the Catholics properly.

天主教在山西传播过程中外国传教士、国籍神父及本地教徒各自充当的角色、发挥的作用是山西天主教史重要的组成部分，他们分别为天主教在山西的本土化发挥了各自的作用；教徒的信仰内容、各种礼仪以及身份、年龄、性别、经济状况等基本情况是目前为止中国天主教史研究领域的短缺部分；对自天主教传入山西以来山西地方官对天主教的政策、态度以及民教关系的研究，则能于当前构建和谐社会的过程中，为政府、民众正确对待山西天主教徒，处理好和他们的关系，提供历史经验借鉴。

From the aspect of social history,with the inculturation as the center,using the thoeries of Sociology,Anthropology etc.,this dissertation put the history of the Catholicism spreaded in Shanxi from 1620 to 1949 into the local social sequence of Shanxi.It researches the roles that the foreign missionaries,Chinese clergies and its believers took themselves during Catholicism took a foothold and developed in Shanxi,the content of the Catholics\' belief,their all kinds of rituals,their basic conditions and the relationship with offcials and non-believers.

本文把明清以来到1949年天主教在山西的发展放置于山西地方社会的历史脉络中加以理解，从区域社会史角度，以本土化为中心，运用社会学、人类学等理论，探讨天主教在山西立足、扎根、发展过程中，传教士、国籍神职人员、教徒发挥的作用，考察教徒的信仰观念、各种仪式及其基本状况，解析山西官教、民教关系。

They were the links between the Christians,catechumens and the fathers.The headmen of the Catholics were responsible for the everyday lives of the fathers.They managed the believers and organized them to have religious activities.They appealled the believers to donate their house,land,money and other things to set up churches.The believers were fruits of domestic and foreign clergies.They were also the seeds fruiting well.The women believers acted special roles.The christians acted as protectors and liaisons men of clergies when Catholicism was forbidden in China.The devout christians sent their offspring to the seminaries to study,so that they provided manpower for Shanxi Catholicism.

传道员到处宣扬教义，是望教者、教徒与神父联系的纽带；会长负责神父的日常事务，管理教徒，组织教徒进行宗教活动，并组织教徒奉献出自己的房屋、土地、财物，和广大教徒一起努力修建成山西一座座教堂；而广大教徒既是传教的果实，又是再结果实的种子，这其中女性教徒起着特殊的作用，在禁教时期，教徒为中外神父提供藏身之所，有的甚至负责其对外联络工作和沿途护送工作，热心教徒还把自己的子女送到中外修道院学习，为天主教的发展提供一批又一批的人才。

But as a proportion of the shrinking religious population, fundamentalist Protestantism, conservative Catholicism and orthodox Judaism have been expanding, while mainline Protestantism, liberal Catholicism and reform and conservative Judaism are losing adherents, mostly to non-belief.

但当宗教人口急速萎缩，基本教义派的新教{、传统的天主教徒及传统的回教徒正在扩张而主要的新教徒、自由的天主教徒及改革者、保守的犹太教徒正在失去信徒，大部份变成无信仰者。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。