查询词典 Bretton

After the collapse of Bretton Woods, some European countries attempted to manage their exchange rates against each other in the evocatively named ldquo;currency snakerdquo;, which hardened into a more formal system of fixed values and, eventually, the euro.

布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后，一些欧洲国家试图以一种ldquo；蛇形浮动rdquo；机制来管理彼此之间的汇率，这个名字让人浮想联翩。这种机制逐渐强化，形成一种更为正式的固定价值体系，并最终促成了欧元的诞生。

However, Morris Goldstein and Nicholas Lardy, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington, DC, argue that Bretton Woods 2 does not explain China's behaviour in the past, and it certainly would not be in China's interest to go on behaving that way in future.

然而，华盛顿国际经济研究机构的Morris Goldstein和Nicholas Lardy却认为，&布雷顿森林体系2&不能解释中国在过去的做法，而且在未来继续如此也肯定不符合中国的利益。

As Bretton Woods II disintegrates and a new system replaces it, the process of readjustment will be necessarily more painful than the respective process during the Great Depression.

作为布雷顿森林二解体和新的制度取代，该进程的调整将是必然更加痛苦超过各自的过程也就是大萧条时期。

At the time of Bretton Woods, the intention was to create an international trade organization paralleling the IMF.

在举行布雷顿森林会议时，各国本打算建立一个与国际货币基金组织并存的国际贸易组织。

At the time of Bretton Woods, the intention was to create an international trade organisation paralleling the IMF.

在举行布雷顿森林会议时，各国本打算建立一个与国际货币基金组织并存的国际贸易组织。

A country could avoid locking its exchange rate by reinstituting capital controls of the kind that prevailed for the first two decades of Bretton Woods, which allowed the pegs of that system to be truly adjustable, but the costs of such controls seem a high price to pay.

雷顿森林会议使得盯住汇率制真正可以调节，国家可以通过重构某种资本控制来避免锁定汇率，这种资本控制在布雷顿森林体系建立后的头二十年里很盛行，但这种资本控制的代价似乎非常高昂。

Indeed in my report, I also suggested that this assembly itself needs to be strengthened and that the role of the Economic and Social Council and the role of the United Nations as a whole in economic and social affairs, including its relations to the Bretton Woods institutions, needs to be rethought and reinvigorated.

事实上，我在报告中还建议说，大会本身也需要得到加强，也需要重新考虑并振兴经济及社会理事会的作用以及整个联合国在经济和社会事务方面的作用，包括联合国与布雷顿森林机构之间的关系。

This paper includes several parts: first, some important concepts of the thesis have been defined, a theoretical overview of currency crisis has been finished; then, we have described the history of the international monetary system; later, three chapes have been arranged to discuss the mechanism of currency crisis under fixed and floating and intermediate exchange rate system respectively. The part of the fixed exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of the collapse of the international gold standard system, the Bretton Woods system and the the European Monetary System; in the part of the floating exchange rate system, the volatility problem under freely floating exchange rate system has been studied; the part of the intermediate exchange rate system mainly includes the analysis of currency crises in regional dollar standard system and the currency board system. And finally, we have analysed the inevitability of the appearance of new type regional monetary cooperation patterns, and how these cooperations avoid currency crises.

本文主要包括这样几部分：首先，对论文中涉及到的重要概念给予界定，并对货币危机理论进行系统梳理；接着，按时间顺序从总体上回忆国际货币制度的历史演进；然后，用三个章节分别研究了固定汇率制度、浮动汇率制度以及中间汇率制度下货币危机的形成机理，其中，固定汇率制度下的货币危机主要包括国际金本位制度和布雷顿森林体系的崩溃，以及欧洲货币体系的瓦解；浮动汇率制度下的货币危机，则重点分析了自由浮动汇率制度下汇率的过度波动问题；中间汇率制度下的货币危机，分别分析了区域美元本位及货币局制度下货币危机的发生机理；最后，分析了目前新型区域货币合作模式出现的必然性，及各模式下如何规避货币危机。

It had been a long journey from the gold standard of the 19th century, via the restored gold-exchange standard of the 1920s, the monetary chaos of the 1930s, the Bretton Woods system of adjustable exchange rates of the 1950s and 1960s, the termination of dollar convertibility into gold in 1971, and the monetary targeting of the 1970s and 1980s.

这是一段漫长的旅途，从19世纪的金本位开始，历经上世纪20年代的金汇兑本位制、30年代的金融混乱、50年代和60年代实行浮动汇率制的布雷顿森林体系、1971年结束美元与黄金的兑换，以及70年代和80年代的货币目标制。

It had been a long journey from the gold standard of the 19th century, via the restored gold-exchange standard of the 1920s, the monetary chaos of the 1930s, the Bretton Woods system of adjustable exchange rates of the 1950s and 1960s, the termination of dollar convertibility into gold in 1971, and the monetary targeting of the 1970s and 1980s.

从19世纪的金本位制，上世纪20年代的恢复金汇兑标准，30年代的货币混乱，五六十年代的布雷顿森林体系的可调节汇率制，到1971年结束美元对黄金的可兑换性和七八年代的货币目标政策，金融业已经走过了一个漫长的旅程。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。