Atmospheric precipitation

The model results show that the hail embryos are mainly graupel particles.Solid phase precipitation accounts for 46% of ground precipitation amount and graupel-fall is 65% of solid phase precipitation.Graupel particles grow by accretion with rainwater and cloud water.Accumulation zone of supercooled water...

结果表明：玛曲冰雹云中冰雹胚胎以霰胚为主；在地面降水中，固态降水占降水总量的46%，而霰占固态降水的65%，霰主要靠撞冻雨水和云水增长；雹云中存在较弱的过冷雨水累积带，累积带的维持时间也很短，累积带中的过冷雨水有利于雹块的增长，但不起主要作用；雹块的增长主要是通过雹撞冻云水，其次是撞冻雨水增长。

This showed that capacity of water-holding in biological soil crusts were obvious improve,and effected precipitation permeate or water second distribute process.The study results of"fertile islands"formation mechanism in biological crusts showed that biological crusts layer cover could increased nutrients content for below sand soil through precipitation permeate washing,and it promoted plants assimilate more nutriment.The matter import ways of biological soil crusts fertility island had many ways,including the effection of living macrobiotics metabolism in crusts levels,wind-sand flow of near surface,dust deposition and plants decomposition course,etc.Source of particle matter in biological soil crusts was wind-sand flow of near surface,and not dust deposition.Biological crusts layer cover had preserved effection for nature water content in 0-5cm soil layer,compared with the sand of no biological crusts layer,effecting precipitation permeate,and could not obvious restrained from the water evaporate process indoor experiment.

生物结皮层肥岛形成机制的研究结果表明：生物结皮层覆盖能够通过降水淋溶作用而增加下层土壤养分的含量，进而促进植物对养分的吸收；生物结皮层养分输入有结皮生物代谢、降尘、风沙流和植物分解矿化作用等多(来源：A73e3B3eC论文网www.abclunwen.com)种途径，但生物结皮层的颗粒物质来源主要是近地表风沙流，而不是大气降尘；生物结皮层覆盖对0-5cm土层自然含水量有一定的保护作用，并影响降水向深层渗透，不能有效的阻止表层水分的蒸发进程；研究表明采取人工促进技术能够在流动沙丘上形成生物结皮层，实现流动沙地的快速治理。

We gain the distributing instance as a whole by the spatial analyse of the daily、 mensal and annual precipitation.Then, we adopt mean error、 mean absolute error、 mean relative error、 and the root mean squared interpolation error and the correlative coefficient as the determinant standard of interpolation effect. The results show that the mensal precipitation effect of SIA is the best, and the daily precipitation effect is worse reversely.

然后，对年降水量、月降水量以及日降水量的SIA结果采用平均误差、平均绝对误差、平均相对误差、插值平均误差平方和的平方根误差以及相关系数作为判定插值效果的标准，并得到以下结果：月降水量的SIA效果最好，日降水的相对较差。

The impact of rain gauge measurements is to increase the precipitation estimated from satellite data. The main difference is in Taiwan and the southeastern China where satellite retrieval underestimates the precipitation rate during boreal spring and summer. For the different precipitation climate analyses, the Legates- Willmot rainfall climate analysis produces the largest annual mean regional rainfall.

微波放射的雨量反演比微波散射法所估计的雨量略高，增加了测站雨量计分析的综合估计，使得区域平均年降雨量比只用卫星资料的估计大，而主要的差异是源自於春、夏季以及台湾与大陆东南沿海地区，显示卫星资料低估区域的锋面降雨。

Results show that there are multi-time scale periodic variations in AOI, the temperature and precipitation in Northwest China with significant syntonic periods of qausi-3 a between AOI and the precipitation, while the multi-time scale correlations between AOI and the temperature are quasi-2 a, 3-5 a and about 8-11 a with the strongest coherency in 8-11 a syntonic period. The influence of AO on temperature is more remarkable than that on precipitation in Northwest China for the interaction of their interdecada1 variation.

结果表明，AOI、西北地区降水和气温变化都存在着不同尺度的周期振荡，西北地区降水与AOI之间存在准3 a尺度的显著共振周期，而AOI与西北地区气温变化的多时间尺度相关表现为准2a、3~5 a和8~11 a左右的显著相关振荡且以8~11 a共振周期的凝聚性最强；AO对西北地区气温变化的影响比对降水的影响更显著，与其年代际尺度的相互作用有关。

The wavelet variance verification also indicates that the first main period of the runoff of mountainous watershed in the Shiyang River Basin is 30years, and 22years and l5years are the second and third period respectively; 3 Then we also compared the total runoff of mountain watershed with climate factors of Wushaoling which station is in the mountain headstream area, such as precipitation and temperature, the data record that the correlation coefficient of annual runoff and precipitation variation over the upper reaches in the Shiyang River Basin is 0.61 ,which indicates precipitation is the main water recharge of the runoff.

石羊河流域出山口年径流的周期变化与乌鞘岭站年降水量和年均气温周期基本上都能在同一周期上下浮动，其中出山口年径流量与乌鞘岭山区年降水量相关系数为0.61，说明地表径流量主要是由山区降水补给；年径流量与山区年均气温变化呈0.28的反相关，说明该流域近50年来出山口径流与山区气温呈反比，即径流量随年均气温上升而减少，相关性暂时不十分明显。

The APW in summer is less than 25 mm which is the least limit value of monsoon areas.This means that Xinjiang is not affected by monsoon.The geographic distribution of APW is adverse with that of precipitation,videlicet,higherAPW values corresponding to lower precipitation values.With the effects of westerly winds,the APW mode presents as an uniform change within Xinjiang area and has a stable distribution.It is very different from Xinjiang rainfall mode which changes a lot spatially.As mentioned above,there is no obvious change during 1961～2000,this indicates that APW is not a dominant factor determining precipitation,it is the result of dynamic condition,water vapor convergence and other causes.

APW的地理分布与实际降水量分布相反，其最大区域却为降水量最小区，受西风带影响，新疆APW模态主要表现全疆一致变化，分布稳定，与降水模态分布差异性大有显著不同，且近40年来无显著变化趋势，表明决定新疆降水差异的根本原因不在于水汽的多少，而是由降水产生的动力条件、水汽辐合和其它因素差异决定的。

Observation of radar and intensive surface wind of 0505 typhoon Haitang is used to analyze the relationship between radar reflectivity and observed precipitation and the relationship between mesoscale surface stream field and heavy rainfall. The analysis shows that when the Doppler radar reflectivity reaches 50 dbz, it has a good correspondence to the heavy one hour precipitation. Besides, heavy precipitation is also related to the mesoscale cyclonical current and confluent currents, it occurs near the mesoscale cyclonical or confluent current appearing at the same time.

利用严重影响浙江东南地区的2005年05号台风的雷达和地面加密风场资料，分析对比台风中尺度暴雨过程中雷达回波与实况降水、中尺度地面流场与暴雨之间的关系，结果得到：多普勒雷达近地面强回波带或中心往往达到50 dbz时，与一小时的强降水区有很好的对应关系，暴雨中心区也与地面加密的中尺度流场中出现的中尺度气旋性环流和汇合气流有关，强暴雨区落在同时刻中尺度涡旋或汇合线附近。

This method improves the computational accuracy, embodies the precipitation changes with topographty and the distributive incontinuity of precipitation, and solves the problem of the precision of the spatial interpolation of precipitation under complicated topographty condition.

该方法提高了计算的准确性，体现了降水随地形的变化以及在空间分布上的不连续性，有效解决了复杂地形条件下降水空间插值精度不高的问题。

The effect of topography on precipitation can be extract from the precipitation.Secondly, considering the incontinuity of the precipitation distributing, we use improved the Stepwise Interpolation Approach, SIA, to combine with the multi-variable successive regression equations.

其次，充分考虑到降水分布的不连续性，利用逐步插值方法与多元回归方程结合，不但取得了与事实相符的计算结果，而且显著地提高了年降水量空间分布的计算精度。

You can do some assertiveness training.

你可以进行一些自信训练。

We were well on the path to making a rear-wheel-drive global platform," says Mays."

我们正致力于建立一个后轮驱动的平台，"Mays这样说道。"