Atmospheric precipitation

Summer monsoon precipitation in 1998 is simulated with different soil temperature and solar short wave radiation parameterization schemes using the improved p-σ nine level hybrid coordinate model.It is found that the improved soil temperature calculation method together with Lacis and Hansen short wave radiation parameterization has a good simulation for precipitation.

利用改进后的p-σ 9层混合坐标系模式，采用不同的土壤温度与太阳短波辐射参数化方案，对1998年夏季风降水进行模拟，发现改进的土壤温度计算法和改进的Lacis和Hansen 短波辐射参数化方法相结合能较好地模拟降水。

The increment of height Larix leptolepis was affected mainly by precipitation of last summer, and volume increment was affected mainly by the precipitation of last summer and 10 cm groud temperature of last spring.

由此可以综合得出对日本落叶松生长量影响较大的气象因子是上年夏季的降水量和春季10cm地温。

But the basic results had inercommunity that both the precipitation of last summer and relative moistuer from September to October in last year, indicating that the increment of Larix leptolepis associated with precipitation and groud temperature of spring closely in the area.

创新点在于：本研究依据15株日本落叶松解析木资料及10项气象因子资料，采用逐步回归及关联度分析法较系统地探讨了影响豫西日本落叶松生长的气象因子，为日本落叶松引种、栽培及抚育管理提供重要依据。

The order of the effect of the climatic factors on the increment of Larix leptolepis was The precipitation of last summer, 10 cm groud temperature of Spring, the relative humidity from September to October in last year,≥10℃ accumulative air temperature ,10 cm groud temperature from September to October in last year, sunligh hours, relative moisruer of Februry, precipitation of November, the average temperature from April to May last year, the average temperature of last Winter.

按气象因子在回归方程中出现的次数频率将气象因子对日本落叶松生长量影响程度排序为：上年6～7月降水量、当年3～4月10cm地温、上年9～10月相对湿度、≥10℃积温、上年9～10月10cm地温、年光照时数、当年2月平均相对湿度、上年11月降水量、上年4～5月平均气温、上年11月～当年1月平均气温。

The order of the effect of the climatic factors on the increment of Larix leptolepis was the relative humidity from September to October in last year, precipitation of November, relative moistuer of Februry, The precipitation of last summer, sunligh hours, 10 cm groud temperature of Spring,≥10℃ accumulative air temperature, the average temperature from April to May last year, the average temperature of last Winter, 10 cm groud temperature from September to October in last year.

按最大关联度出现的次数频率将气象因子对日本落叶松生长量影响程度排序为：上年9～10月相对湿度、上年11月降水量、当年2月平均相对湿度、上年6～7月降水量、年光照时数、当年3～4月10cm地温、≥10℃积温、上年4～5月平均气温、上年11月～当年1月平均气温或、上年9～10月10cm地温。

The result shows that well developed microbiotic crust results in less invalidation precipitation than sandy soil, but sandy soil conserves 18% precipitation in deeper layer when the soil covered with microbiotic crust had been dry completely.

结果表明，结皮和流沙地表的蒸发速率随时间的变化趋势基本相同，但在不同的蒸发阶段具有各自不同的特点，总的说来，发育良好的苔藓结皮导致相对较少的无效降水，但在更长的时间维持较高的蒸发速率；流沙和初步发育的降尘结皮导致了较多的无效降水，但由于降水的入渗深度相对较深，需要更长的时间完成蒸发过程。

In the past decades, the precipitation behavior of transitional metals or their effects on electrical properties in monocrystalline silicon with small diameter have been exhaustively investigated, while the precipitation behavior of transitional metals in large-diameter Cz silicon or cast multicrystalline silicon are still poorly understood.

在过去的几十年中，虽然对小直径单晶硅中过渡族金属沉淀规律及其对材料的电学性质做了大量的研究，但是很少人研究大直径单晶硅以及铸造多晶硅中这些过渡族金属的沉淀规律。

According to regionalizing indicators of average annual accumulated temperature above 20℃, average annual freezing index, precipitation in freezing period and average annual precipitation in nonfreezing period, the macro layer of the regionalization, China climatic regionalization for highway, were suggested through methods of cluster analysis, division based on indicator and layers superposing, which included 10 first-level regions and 24 second-level regions. It summarizes that climate of China affects highway in macro level.

利用多指标系统聚类分析、指标划分和图层叠置等方法，以累年年≥20℃积温、累年年冰冻指数、累年年非冰冻期降水量以及累年年冰冻期降水量为区划指标，对处于方案体系宏观层的中国公路气候区划进行了具体划分，提出了由10个一级区、22个二级区构成的两级区划方案，为了解中国气候对公路综合影响的异同性以及影响程度差异提供了一个平台。

Mesoscale model MM5 isused to examine the orographic effect to the precipitation caused by a MesoscaleConvective System over Taiwan. A seriesof sensitive simulations are carried out toinvestigate the sensitivity of model resolution and orographic accuracy to precipitation.

Keywords：orographic effect； MCS； precipitation 台湾地形对1998年6月7-8日中标准对流系统降雨的影响朱晓金张庆红摘要：利用中标准模式MM5研究了台湾地形对中标准对流系统所引起的降雨的影响。

The laser-cladding layeron the alloy consists of matrix phase of over-saturation solid solution γ and complexhexagonal carbide M_7C_3. Under certain condition, with fast laser scanning speed, the oversaturation solubility of elements increases in γ, and the precipitation of the complexcarbide M_7C_3 decreases, so that the microhardness increases and the wear resistance de-creases. But at slower laser scanning speed, more complex carbide M_7C_3 may precipitate, andthe wear resistance may be improved. Therefore, it is believed that the principal factor in im-provement over wear resistance is the precipitation of carbide M_7C_3, while overmicrohardness is the over-saturation solubility of elements in matrix phase.

表明：(1)激光熔覆合金层是由过饱和的γ基体相和复杂的六方M_7C_3碳化物相所组成(2)在其他参数不变的情况下，随激光扫描速度的提高，γ基体相过饱和度增大，而析出的碳化物含量减少，因而合金层的硬度升高，耐磨性有所下降；而降低激光的扫描速度，碳化物M_7C_3析出增加，有利于提高合金层的耐磨性、因此碳化物M_7C_3析出量是提高耐磨性的主要因素，而增加基体相γ的过饱和度则是硬度提高的主要因素

Nowadays, most of research are to build a transmutative Petri Nets through adding controlling place sets, controlling arc sets and controlling policy to the basic Petri Nets, while the Controlled Petri Nets could be used to argue many controlling theory problems conveniently and to induce many logically and physically supervisory and solve the Event Feedback Controlling Problems and State Feedback Controlling Problem in DEDS supervisory theory.

目前大多数的研究表现为在变形后的受控Petri网基础上，利用各种方法求得各种逻辑型、结构型控制器，解决DEDS监控理论中的事件反馈控制问题与状态反馈控制问题。

On one hand, there are discussions with the works council and union about extension of short time working up to the end of September.

一方面，有讨论，工程理事会和联盟关于延长工作时间短至9月底。