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There is a gap between what we can in principle be given in perception and any belief about the past. And because in principle we could never be given anything about the past directly, the gap is one that no justified a posteriori inference could bridge. For anything to which we could appeal in support of a hypothesis about the connection between the past and present will simply give us more information about the present. Thus, unless our conception of the past is a form of idealism analogous to phenomenalism regarding the external world, skepticism follows.

在'原则上我们在感知中被给予的'和'任何关于过去的信念'之间有一个gap，又因为在原则上我们不能被直接给予过去的东西，这个gap就没有一个后天『a posteriori』inference能架桥辩护，因为任何可诉诸以支持关于过去和当前的关联的假说的东西，也不过是给我们更多关于当前的信息，如此，除非我们对过去的概念是类似关于外在世界的现象论的这种观念论的一个形式，否则怀疑论就会得到。

"Adaptation" means a work based upon the Work, or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, adaptation, derivative work, arrangement of music or other alterations of a literary or artistic work, or phonogram or performance and includes cinematographic adaptations or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted including in any form recognizably derived from the original, except that a work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License.

a。 「改用作品」指基於本著作，或基於本著作与其他先前存在之创作而来的作品，例如翻译、改用、衍生著作、编曲或其他文学或艺术创作的变更、或录音物或表演及视听的修改，或以任何其他形式对本著作的角色变更、变形、改用，包含任何可辨认为源自原件的修改形式；但该著作如构成汇编时，则不属於本授权条款目的下之改用作品。

Locations of transgenes in the recovered plasmids were determined by southern blotting. And then adjacent sequences of transgenes integration sites in three recovered aberrant classes were subcloned and analyzed. Transgene of A-2 was inserted into common carp DNA sequences homologous to the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase-1 gene and those of A-3 and A-6 were inserted into common carp DNA sequences homologous to the human epidermal keratin 14 gene and sequence of common carp β-actin gene, respectively.

通过Southern杂交对转植基因在回收质粒上的位置进行了定位分析，并对三种回收到的变异型转植基因旁侧顺序进行了亚克隆和顺序测定。A-2的转植基因整合到了与小鼠磷酸甘油酸盐激酶-1基因同源的鲤鱼基因组顺序旁侧，A-3的转植基因整合到了与人表皮角蛋白14基因同源的鲤鱼基因组顺序旁侧，A-6的转植基因整合到了普通鲤鱼β-actin基因顺序中。

On my view, the most important views on the metaphysics of consciousness can be divided almost exhaustively into six classes, which I will label "type A" through "type F." Three of these involve broadly reductive views, seeing consciousness as a physical process that involves no expansion of a physical ontology.

按我的看法，在意识的形上学中，最重要的观点能够被区分六类，我将用A类到F类来标识它们。A类到C类的三类，是广义的还原观点，视意识为物理过程（按没有包含对物理在存有上的扩展）。

P.E.A.Lenard, a German physical scientist who won the Nobel Price in Physics in 1905, became a persistent follower of Hitler and murder of thousands of Jewish people by producing some poisonous chemicals.

双胞胎词汇：a blessing and a curse 的出现为文章锦上添花，孤独的名词前面用丰富的形容词进行温暖使得句式更加丰满充实。

Methods Four pairs of primers were designed from toxin sub-unit A gene, O139 special gene, Haemolytic subunit A gene and Toxin coregulated pilus subunit A gene. Multiplex PCR was established to simultaneously detect those four genes.

分别针对霍乱弧菌肠毒素A亚单位基因、O139群特异基因、霍乱弧菌溶血素A亚单位基因和毒力协同调节菌毛A亚单位基因设计引物，建立多基因PCR方法。

The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair, set a whole new standard for composing and playing the music and were rooted in a passion by Chopin to write something to celebrate Polish culture — after the country had fallen back into the Russian grip. The A major polonaise Op. 40 No. 1,"Military," and the polonaise in A flat major Op. 53,"Heroic," are among Chopin's most beloved and played works.

他有生之年出版的7首波兰舞曲（另外9首是他死后出版的），从作品26的一组开始，为创作和演奏这类乐曲制定了全新的标准，这些乐曲的创作是出自肖邦在波兰再次落入俄国的掌控后想要赞美波兰文化的激情。A大调波兰舞曲作品40第1号"军队"，和降A大调作品53"英雄"是肖邦最钟爱也是最常弹奏的作品。

Results Among 1 083 patients, polyneuritis, acute myelitis, periodic paralysis men with A blood type; trigminal neuralgia, Guillian-Barre syndrome were more of ten in men with B blood type;virus meningitis, women with sclerosis, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis,were more of ten in women with O blood type. The A, B, O blood type component proportions of the diseases mentioned above and those of the normal people have statistic differences. This presents that people with A, B, or O blood type are easy to catch those diseases.

结果 1 083例患者中，多发性神经炎、急性脊髓炎、周期性瘫痪3种疾病男性A型血居多；三叉神经痛、格林巴利综合征两种疾病男性B型血居多；病毒性脑炎的男性、多发性硬化的女性、癫痫和重症肌无力的女性O型血居多，其A、B、O 血型构成比与正常人比较差异有统计学意义(P 。05、。01)，提示A、B、O血型的人易患上述疾病。

If a is any positive real number ,the point on the number line at a distance a unite to the right of the origin shall be taken as the point which corresponds to the number a.

如果a是任何正面实数，在编号行的点在远处在起源右边的一团结将被采取作为对应于数字a。

Suppose the proximate cause of one of the effects, A , is in no way a cause of the other effect. B , but some other prior cause is both B\'s immediate cause and the remote cause of the other\'s immediate effect, Al. In such a case there would still be an essential order based on a priority and posteriority of effect so long as the causality of their common cause is itself related to these effects by an essential order.

假设两个结果之一的近因，A决不是另一结果B的原因，而是有其他某种先天原因作为B的直接原因和另一结果的间接原因，这种情况下，只要公共原因自身与那些结果通过一种本质性的秩序保持关联，那么就还是存在一种居于先天和后天的本质性秩序。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。