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The histopathological findings of the partial ADD included the loss of chon- drocyte, horizontal splitting of the condylar cartilage and synovitis at early stage, and the hyperplasia of chondrocyte, the disarrangement of collagen fibers at late stage, but the articular surface remained intact.
完全性关节盘前移位和关节盘穿孔的组织病理研究发现，髁状突软骨变薄，部分区域软骨丧失，软骨细胞增生成族，肉芽组织形成，软骨及软骨下骨出现水平及垂直裂隙，软骨下骨纤维形成，甚至出现囊肿。
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Material and MethodsRA Rabbit Model group: 15 early RA rabbits of the same weight and variety Control group:10 normal rabbits of the same weight and varietyMethods of making RA rabbit model:elect 15 normal rabbits of the same weight and variety, dissolve Ovalbumin in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, to make the solution of 20mg/ml concengtration, blend the same quantity of complete Freund′s Adjuvant equably ,inject the mixed solution into endermic tissue of the rabbit′s scapular section, making the rabbits allergic, inject 1 ml of the mixed solution to one rabbit every time, inject 1 ml of the mixed solution in 5 different places of the rabbit′s scapular section, inject the rabbit one time every week,inject 3 weeks continuously,it turned out to be that the rabbits will be allergic, inject Ovalbumin blent with the 0.9% sodium chloride solution into the knee joint cavity of the rabbits in the fourth week, 5 mg Ovalbumin every knee joint cavity,two knees of every rabbit of the 15 rabbits are both injected,the arthrosis diameter and the exterior temperature of the knees will be added obviously in 24 hours,and they will drop gradually,at the time of the 14th or 21th day, the arthrosis diameter and the exterior temperature of the knees will get to the balance time,the incidence rate of RA is 100%.after the RA model succeeds,it is the early time of RA from the first week to the fourth week,after the fourth week,it is the late time of RA, the cartilage of the femoral condyle and the subchondral bone cortices will be changed unrecoverily.
资料与方法RA模型组：早期RA家兔模型15只，品种及体重接近。对照组：正常家兔10只，品种及体重接近。RA家兔模型制作方法：选取15只成年家兔，体重、品种接近，将卵蛋白溶解于生理盐水，配成浓度为20mg/ml的溶液，与等量完全弗氏佐剂混匀，注入家兔肩胛区皮下致敏，每只家兔每次注射1ml，于肩胛区5个不同区域注射，每周一次，连续注射3周而致敏，第4周向膝关节腔注射卵蛋白生理盐水溶液，每只关节腔注射5mg卵蛋白，15只家兔膝关节全部注射，24h内此关节直径和表面温度大幅度上升，以后缓慢下降，至14～21d达到平台期，发病率达100%。造模成功后第1～4周为早期改变，第4周以后出现不可逆的关节软骨及骨破坏。采用高频超声对RA模型组与对照组的膝关节髌上囊液体厚度、滑膜及股骨髁软骨厚度及软骨下骨皮质的回声情况进行对比观察。结果RA组模型组膝关节髌上囊积液及滑膜的厚度明显厚于对照组，其股骨髁软骨的厚度与对照组相比无明显差异，其软骨下骨皮质与对照组相比无明显改变。
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With a small osteotome, separate the common origin of the extensor muscles from the lateral epicondyle together with a thin flake of bone, or divide this origin just distal to the lateral epicondyle.
用一小骨凿，带一小块骨片从肱骨外上髁剥下伸肌总腱的起点，或在肱骨外上髁的下方分离。
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Reflect anteriorly the common origin of the extensor muscles from the lateral epicondyle, either by subperiosteal dissection or by detachment of the epicondyle.
从外上髁向前翻转前臂伸肌腱的共同起点，或沿骨膜下分离，或从外上髁处分离。
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Segment ulnar nerve conduction studies showed that most of the lesions were located above or below the medial epicondyle 2-3cm.③ Abnormal flexor carpi ulnaris muscle electromyography was not found involved in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Conclusion Short??
结果 ①尺神经病变组中有19例出现尺神经在肘上至肘下段运动神经传导速度减慢；②尺神经肘上至肘下段短节段性神经传导检测结果显示具体病变部位多数集中在肱骨内上髁上下2-3cm内；③尺神经在肘部病变者并非均有尺侧腕屈肌肌电图的异常。
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Results VA and bone structures of the craniovertebral junction were clearly observed and measured in three-dimensional visualization. The exposure of dens was improved in one third condylectomy. However, the decision to perform condylectomy and its extent should be made based on relationship between abnormal dens and occipital condyle.
结果 三维可视化技术使枕颈结合处椎动脉和骨结构的三维构象得到清晰的观察和测量；入路中磨除1/3枕髁能改善齿状突的显露，但应结合病变状态下齿状突与枕髁等结构的关系决定是否磨除或磨除的范围。
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Methods selective and limited minimally invasive debridement under arthroscope was applied to 54 patients with osteoarthritis of knee joint; hyperplasia of inflammatory synovial membrane and abrasion of anterior cruciate ligament were chipped or vaporized with radiofrequency, the corpus liberum were taken out, cartilage was scoured into certain shape; excision or partial excision were performed to hyperplastic intercondyloid spine, osteophyma and menisci; intercondyloid fossa was formed.results 45 cases were followed up for an average of 18 months (from 6 months to 24 months); the clinical symptoms of most cases released obviously and the joint function improved.conclusions minimally invasive debridement under arthroscope can effectively release oa symptoms, improve joint function and raise the quality of life.
对54例膝关节骨性关节炎患者进行关节镜下选择性、有限化微创清理术。手术内容包括刨削或射频汽化增生的炎性滑膜组织和前交叉韧带磨损、游离体取出、软骨打磨成形、增生髁间棘切除、部分骨赘切除、半月板部分切除、髁间窝成形。结果随诊45例，平均18个月（6～24月），大多数患者临床症状明显缓解，关节功能改善。结论关节镜微创清理术可有效缓解oa症状，改善关节功能，提高生活质量。骨关节炎；膝关节；关节镜检查
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All rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks after operation. the macro-pathological changes of samples were graded by mankin's scale.bone mineral density of right distal femoras and femora condyles were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner.
术后12周处死动物取材，采用mankin评分系统评分；用双能骨密度仪测量右侧股骨远端1/4骨密度和股骨内外侧髁软骨下骨的骨密度；右侧股骨髁脱钙后切片，行番红&o&染色和mmp-13免疫组化染色；右侧胫骨近端做硬组织切片，测量软骨下松质骨的骨组织形态计量学参数。
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In this study, we use the Computer Aided Axiography recorded condyle movement of 39 normal occlusion, during mandible open and close, protrusion and retrusion, and medio-free movement, in order to find out the normal condyle movement style and range.
本研究选用髁突轴图描记仪(Computer Aided Diagnosis Axiography)对39名正常〓的髁突运动予以记录，记录下颌在开闭口，前伸后退和侧方运动时的髁突运动情况，确立正常功能状态下双侧颞下颌关节运动形式及范围。
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For supracondylar fracture of humerus with obvious displacement,it is easy to make reduction,but the fixation and the maintenance of reduction is not easy; manual reduction with plaster or splint immobilization,though as the first-chosen method,has such shortcomings as infirm or loosening fixation of plaster or splint which may cause injury to blood vessels or nerves; open reduction may lead to further trauma to soft tissues and tissue adhesion,and to joint stiffness; the closed reduction with cross Kirschners wires under C-arm X-ray can avoid the above mentioned shortcomings and it is easy in operation.
移位明显的肱骨髁上骨折，复位容易，但固定及维持复位困难，手法复位石膏或夹板外固定虽是首选治疗方法，但石膏或夹板固定不牢固，易出现松动甚至可造成血管及神经损伤，而切开复位更易进一步造成软组织创伤，组织粘连，最终导致关节僵直功能障碍。本组C臂下闭合复位交叉克氏针治疗移位明显的肱骨髁上骨折避免了上述缺点，而且方法简单。肱骨髁上骨折；经皮克氏针固定；儿童；闭合复位
- 更多网络解释与髁下的相关的网络解释 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]
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capitulum：小头
3.骨端的膨大:较圆者称头(head)或小头(capitulum),常参与组成关节. 头下略细的部分称颈 (neck). 椭圆的膨大称髁(nondy),髁上的突出部分称上髁(epicondyle). 1.骨膜(periosteum)除关节面的部分外,新鲜骨的表面都覆有骨膜.
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lateral epicondyle：外上髁
局部(local)问题方面:在此所指的肌肉是桡侧伸腕短肌(ECRB)的肌腱炎,其疼痛点大多都在肌肉与肌腱的交会处, 即外上髁(lateral epicondyle)下往手腕方向1~2公分处,其临床表徵如:常好发在40~50岁的中年人身上;痛的情况在不知情下发生(Insidious onset),
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gena：颊
衣鱼科及有翅昆虫的上颚通常有两处,即在前面有枢钮关节(ginglymus,hinge)的唇基(clypeus)突起,和后面狭义的髁(condyle,ball),在后颊(postgena)或颊(gena)下角的关节臼,各自形成关节.
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Margo lateralis：舌缘:同
margo lateralis humeri 肱骨外侧缘:从大结节后下延伸到外上髁之肱骨缘 | margo lateralis 舌缘:同margo linguae | margo lateralis orbitae 眶外侧缘:由额骨的颧突和颧骨的额突构成
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hypocondylar：髁下的
hypocoagulability 凝固性过低 | hypocondylar 髁下的 | hypocone 次尖
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hypocone：次尖
hypocondylar 髁下的 | hypocone 次尖 | hypocoracoid 下喙状骨
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popliteus：肌
唯一的肌肉是腘肌(Popliteus)位于该层,其肌腱穿过冠状韧带的裂孔进入关节囊内止于股骨外侧髁的腓侧附韧带止点的前下方;另有肌支与深层关节囊交织起于外侧半月板后角并形成腘肌下隐窝,腘肌薄而扁平,呈三角形,止于胫骨后内侧比目鱼肌止点上方.
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margo medialis tibiae：胫骨内侧缘:行于胫骨内髁与内踝之间,为胫骨内面与后面的分界线
margo medialis scapulae 肩胛骨内侧缘:从肩胛骨上角延伸至肩胛骨下角... | margo medialis tibiae 胫骨内侧缘:行于胫骨内髁与内踝之间,为胫骨内面与后面的分界线 | margo mesovaricus ovarii 卵巢系膜缘:附着于阔韧带...