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There were 36 males and 40 females,with the average age of 47.7 years.36 patients presented with sciatica and perineal numbness,11 patients had painless mass and the other 20 were identified due to other causes.Among 67 benign neurogenic tumors,54 were originated from S1-S3 nerves,3 from S4-S5 nerves and 11 from the presacral space without caudal involvement.Giant cell tumor was found in 60 patients,which included 24 males and 36 females,with an average age of 32 years.Upper sacrum(S1-S2) was involved firstly.There were 56 patients(average,37.7 years) diagnosed as other primary benign bone tumors,which included 24 cases of teratomas,epidermoid cyst or dermoid cyst.Other malignant tumors,including chondrosarcoma (17),Ewing′s sarcoma/PNET(14),multiple myeloma(12),lymphoma(6) and osteosarcoma(6) were found in 64 patients.
其中脊索瘤95例,男62例,女33例,平均年龄55.7岁,骶尾区疼痛是主要症状(82例),半数以上患者伴有坐骨神经痛,肿瘤多先累及低位骶骨(S3~S5);神经源性肿瘤76例,男36例,女40例,平均年龄47.7岁,神经纤维瘤43例,神经鞘瘤24例,恶性神经鞘瘤9例,主诉多为坐骨神经痛、会阴部麻木(36例)和无痛性包块(11例),20例患者为查体或其他原因检查时发现,67例骶骨良性神经源性肿瘤起源于S3以上神经者54例,起源于S3以下神经者3例,发生于骶前未累及骶管者10例;骨巨细胞瘤60例,男24例,女36例,平均年龄32岁,腰骶尾部不适(37例)、坐骨神经痛(21例)是主要的临床表现,肿瘤多先累及上位骶骨(S1~S2);骶骨其他原发良性肿瘤及瘤样病变56例,包括畸胎瘤、皮样囊肿、表皮样囊肿共24例;其他原发恶性肿瘤64例,包括软骨肉瘤17例,尤文肉瘤14例,多发性骨髓瘤12例,成骨肉瘤6例等。
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The classic example is the ear ossicles of mammals, which we know from palaeontological and embryological studies originated in the upper and lower jaws and the hyoid of their Synapsid ancestors, and further back still were part of the gill arches of early fish.
典型的例子是哺乳动物的听小骨。我们从古生物学和胚胎学研究了解到,哺乳动物的听小骨起源于它们单弓型祖先的上下颌骨和舌骨,再往前则是早期鱼的鳃弓的一部分。
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They can also arise in endochondral bone; or primitive mesenchymal cells in the brain, meninges, membranous bone, or soft tissue.
它们可以起源于软骨内骨、或者脑内的间充质细胞、脑膜、膜内成骨或者软组织。
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fibrosarcoma of bone:骨纤维肉瘤
骨纤维肉瘤(fibrosarcoma of bone)为较少见的骨恶性肿瘤. 一般起源于非成骨的间叶组织及骨内膜,可分为中央型和周围型. 前者由髓内发生,最后可穿破骨皮质,侵入软组织. 后者系由骨膜发生,经过直接蔓延侵入毗邻的骨皮质,后者较前者更为少见.
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valvulae:产卵瓣
产卵器一般为一管状构造,通常由3对称为产卵瓣(valvulae)的瓣状构造组成,分别着生在第八、九腹节上. 产卵瓣是生殖肢,它的基部有一骨片,叫生殖突基节,内有起源于腹节背板的肌肉. 第八腹节的产卵瓣称第一产卵瓣(first valvulae)或腹产卵瓣(腹瓣)(ventral valvulae),